Senenmut and Neferure

Temple of Amun

Granite

-          Senenmut often associated with Hatshepsut, as her advisor, may have had sexual affair, but there is no evidence for this.

-          Portrayed as great tutor and educator

-          Children shown with shaved head and ‘sidelock’ that signifies youth

Temple of Hatshepsut

-          Uses same site as previous pharaoh to associate the two

-          Shrine to Amun-Re, cow goddess Hathor

-          Beautiful Festival of the Valley (annual, sacred statue placed on a barque, carried by a priest to cemeteries and the temple)

Colossal Sphinx of Hapshetsut

Granite

-          From ‘Avenue of Sphinxes’ in Temple of Hatshepsut

Hapshetsut Offering Ma'at to Amun

(MortuaryTemple, Red Granite, 8 1/2 feet)

-          Ma’at = Balance

-          Toes splayed out to convey effort of kneeling

Hatshepsut wearing the white crown

From Mortuary Temple, Granite

-          Base is larger to accommodate height of the crown

Hatshepsut with Tawaret

From Mortuary Temple. Granite.

-          Taweret, goddess of childbirth on the back

-          Represents herself as male Pharaoh, (headdress, beard, crown, kilt, etc.) but sometimes female aspects such as clothing and bbbreaastttss

-          Male representation shows power and authority

-          Was not hiding gender, just used for tha powah

Hapshetsut, crystalline limestone

-          Very highly polished, limestone would have shone very brightly in the sun

-          Headdress for Pharaoh, etc.

-          Features seem small and delicate, male and female aspects work together

Hapshetsut in the land of Punt

relief

-          Puntites shown as obese to distinguish them from Egyptians as exotic and foreign

-          Myrrh Trees brought back to be planted in Egypt, her temple shows what she brings for Amun whom she admires

-          shows Hatshepsut’s power to go places and get pretty things

-          Very lush place, palm trees and water and whatnot

-          Red Sea fish are easily identifiable

Floor plan for classic Egyptian temple

-          Fronted by a pylon

-          Open courtyard with columns all around

-          Hypostyle hall of columns (primeval mound relation)

-          Sanctuary

Luxor Temple

-          North-south orientation, as an entrance to Karnak, on the Nile

-          Associated with Hatshepsut, used procession way for ceremonies

-          Courtyard, hypostyle, courtyard

-          Amenhotep built hypostyle hall, small buildings on the end, courtyards, colonnade…

-          Progression from dark closed spaces to brightly lit spaces

-          Temple in danger of decay

Dave Chapelle Rouge of Hapshetsut

at Karnak

-          Barque shrine, shows Hatshepsut’s honor to the gods by building a new shrine

-          Also shows her own power

-          Was later reused as building material

Marriage Scarab of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye

-          Fifty-four commemorative scarabs were produced

-          A little over an inch long

-          Egyptians associated scarabs with resurrection and rebirth

-          Inscription on back describes Tiye, dedicated to her

-          Other commemorative scarabs were made for buildings, festivals, etc.

Relief of Amenhotep Kneeling Before Amun-Re

-          Power is renewed by Amun-Re

-          Propaganda decoration showing source of his power

Conception of Amenhotep III (reconstruction)

-          Mother (queen, vulture headdress) has sex with god Amun

-          Type of image started by Hatshepsut

-          Placed in the ‘Birth Room’ at Luxor Temple, showing his renewal and power

Amenhotep and Tiye Seated in Palace

-          Scene from tomb chapel of Anen, second priest of Amun, at Thebes

-          Both seated on thrones to receive guests

-          Queen gets vulture throne, king gets sphinx to trample enemies

-          Gold background = the sun

-          Natural forms (grass, water) painted on floor and walls, birds on ceiling

-          Foreigners shown bound underneath the king

Colossi of Memnon

-          Only remaining pieces of Amenhotep’s mortuary temple

-          Represented Amenhotep but associated with Memnon

-          One statue would make sound at dawn, from morning dew or something

Amenhotep on a sledge

quartzite

-          About 9 feet tall, over life size

-          Red quartzite associated with the sun

-          Sledge associated with barque of Amun-Re and other divinites

-          Cobras topped by discs of the sun

-          Shown as chubby and fleshy and youthful, like he’s been reborn after the festival

Amenhotep III

(gilded wood)

-          Small scale object of value

-          Indicates prosperity of kingdom if there’s time to make useless crap like this

-          Wearing ‘blue crown’ associated with 18^th dynasty

Queen Tiye from a royal group

(glazed steatite)

-          Was shown next to her husband

-          Inscription on back says dat dis is Tiye

-          Floral scepter, feather dress, vulture

Tiye Sculpture from from Kom-Medinet el-Ghurab

-          Made of wood, plus yew, ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, cloth, clay and wax

-          Only three inches tall

-          More naturalistic eyes, but accentuated by shape and eyebrows

-          Full projecting lips

-          Age shown by lines on face

-          Believed to be part of a funerary monument to her dead husband

-          Gold headdress hidden by covering

Akhenaten, from Temple of Aten

Sandstone, 13 feet

-          Changed name from Amenhotep IV

-          Really, really, really loved Aten (sun disc god)

-          Very slender upper body, elongated head, high narrow waist

-          Very narrow eyes, elongated nose, prominent chin, decorative lips

Stela of Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and 3 Daughters

from Tell-el Amarna

limestone

-          Found in a private home, a personal religious object

-          Presenting himself as a god, his family to be worshiped

-          Aten represents fertility through them

-          Nefertiti got dat flat top crown, baby she a mother goddess

-          Children represent the common everyday people

Unfinished Statuette of Akhenaten Kissing

-          Could be a queen or a princess

-          Principles of adoring of a god, fertility of the universe

Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and 2 Daughters slab

(royal tomb at Amarna)

-          Aten rays coming down over the royal family

-          Offering flowers to him

-          Spindly legs, very elongated body

Torso of Female Figure

Amarna

red quartzite

-          Outlined pubic area shows it be a womans

-          Shows conventional female body representation of this era

Nefertiti

Tell el-Amarna, limestone, about 2 feet

-          Claimed to be a fake used to test ancient pigments

-          Looks similar to 20^th century art

-          Left behind in an artist’s workshop? So presumably not valuable

-          Head projects very far forward, in action, long neck, typical of Amarna art

-          No evidence that there was ever going to be a left eye

Head of a woman

Memphis

brown quartzite

-          Probably Nefertiti

-          Found in another artist’s workshop, maybe proves dat other Nefertiti is real

Death Mask of Tutankhamen

gold and semiprecios stones

-          Discovered in 1920s, interest stirred by fascination by macabre, etc.

-          Vulture and cobra associated with King

-          Youth realistic or idealized?

Detail from Tut's throne

gold, carnelian, silver, colored glass

-          Amarna style: elongated, rounded figures, garments and stuff fluttering to show energy

-          Offering tut an offering or something

-          Relationship between two figures represents fertility of sun god

-          Masculine and feminine principles of the universe

Painted Chest From Tut's tomb

wood

-          Pharaoh in a chariot of horses, aiming with a bow and arrow

-          Fighting the Nubians, southern enemies of Egypt, great disorder

-          Egyptian troops are in orderly registers behind him

-          Size indicates his importance

-          Pharaoh maintain ma’at, order, through his battles with the enemies

Necklace with Lunar Pectoral

from Tut's tomb

-          String indicates it would’ve been worn on the body, so Tut probably wore this

-          Counterpoise in the back to balance out the pectoral(?)

-          Hieroglyph for ‘sky’, moisture drops at the bottom, plants representing rebirth of things out of the water

Pectoral with solar and lunar emblems

from Tut's tomb

-          Left eye with moon and sun

-          Crescent represents the moon

Bracelet from Tomb of Tut

gold, faience, glass beads

-          Functions as an amulet on Tut’s arm

-          One of thirteen of Tut’s bracelet

-          Served to ward off evil from animal spirits and stuff

Canopic Chest of Tut

-          Dug out pharaoh’s insides to preserve the body

-          Surrounded by four goddesses to protect the organs – gilded, wood statue with turned head, gesture of protection, associated with scorpion

-          Canopic jars have human heads, but later it’s animal heads

Luxor Temple, with Ramses II additions

-          Added courtyard and pylon

-          Reused material from Hatshepstut’s way station to make a barque station

-          His courtyard is a parallelogram, not a square (aligns it with the all powerful Nile, and the “Ramesseum” mortuary temple across the Nile)

-          Colossal Ramses statues at pylon represent power of Pharaoh, and also create link between common peoples and gods

-          Statues inside must have had an audience to be effective

-          Ramses’ carving style was very deep, kept statues from being carved over by later pharaoh douchebags (see sweet Thoth carving)

Adoring Rekhyet figure

 Luxor temple

-          Part of column in Luxor temple courtyard

-          Bird lookin’ thing used to represent the common peoples

-          Evidence that common peoples were allowed to enter the temple

-          Only found on east side of courtyard

Battle of Kadesh Scene

-          Ramses fighting against the Hittites, has chariot and bow and arrows

-          Claims that Egyptians won despite being outnumbered greatly

Reins tied to waist so he can hold his bow

Colossal Bust of Ramses II

(from Ramesseum, 9 feet tall, weighs several tons)

-          Dumbass group of archaeologists tried to blow up the bottom half so they could carry the top half, but decided not to. That’s why there is a hole drilled in him.

-          Small smile is a common characteristic of Ramses statues

Abu Simbel

-          One of seven temples created by Rames II during his reign

-          Carved some two hundred feet out of the Cliffside

-          Had to be moved due to flood, embedded in an artificial mountain today

-          Many typical New Kingdom temple features (space gets smaller as you move further in, etc.)

-          Devoted to four gods: Ptah (creator), Retbrakhty (sun), Amun (creator), Ramses II (defied version)

-          Every day sun would shine on frieze of baboons. Baboons shriek at dawn, and are therefore associated with the sun I guess.

-          On two days of the year the sun would illuminate the furthest room inside the temple, including the images of the four gods

-          Osirid pillars represent the king in the afterlife with images of mummified Osiris

Tomb of Nefertari

-          Nothing remains today except the wall paintings, moisture + salt layers = bad

-          Decoration comes from the Book of the Dead (series of soul-guiding afterlife spells)

-          Anubis & Osiris – like the Kenan and Kel of the afterlife

-          Tomb is north-south oriented, but fakes like it’s east-west because of death reasons

-          Staircase slant = crookedness of the afterlife? (struggle)

-          Four Canopic Jar Spirits - Human, jackal, falcon, baboon

Head of Nefertari from tomb of Nefertari

-          Painted relief-cut plaster

-          Vulture headdress

-          Artists that painted chose different boundaries than what was originally sculpted

Nefertari Illustrations

-          Playing senet game (board game fo’ life n’ def)

-          Ba bird, part of the soul that can leave the tomb. It is a bird and is free.

-          Kneeling, adoring god on adjoining wall

-          These is all a series of spells from book of the dead meant to ensure safe passage to the underworld

Kheperi, the beetle god guy

-          Bull’s tail, attribute of gods and pharaoh

-          Beetle, symbol of rebirth

Ma'at, Selket, and Hathor (Nefertari temple)

-          Will help Nefetari in the afterlife

-          Ma’at represents truth and justice in the afterlife

-          Identify them each by their weird headgear and stuff (scorpion)

Temple of Isis, philae

-          Just like a New Kingdom temple with pylon, hypostyle hall, etc

-          Intercolumniated walls that are connect.

Birth House

-          Small structure to side of temple

-          Holds images of pharaoh’s divine birth, images of birth of gods

Pylon Temple of Horus

-          Ptolemaic king builds temple for Horus to show loyalty and faith in Egyptian culture

Portrait of Woman from Hawara in the Fayum

-          Portrait of woman, would’ve been stuck onto the face of a mummy

-          Typical illusionistic Greco-roman painting style

-          Tries to create the effect that the person is really in front of you

-          Encaustic (pigments dissolved in hot wax) on wooden panel

-          Showing off her unique fancy jewelries

Temple of Amun-Re (Karnak)

-          Same as classic layout plus a sacred lake

-          Sacred lake for use of water in rituals, washing priests, refers to beginning of time waters

-          East-west orientation

-          Once a year, ceremonial procession takes barque down

-          Walled, protects the inner temple from chaos on the outside

-          Was constantly being added onto or redecorated by each new Pharaoh (to demonstrate their dominant power and association with Amun)

-          Columns dwarf peoples, gets darker as you go in, very powerful and mystifying

-          Rituals to sun took place atop pylons, relation to horizon as sun rises over them