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Eyes
Health Assessment
86
Nursing
Post-Graduate
06/24/2016

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Cards

Term
Palpebral fissure
Definition
Elliptical open space between eyelids
Term
Limbus
Definition
Border between cornea and sclera
Term
Tarsal plates
Definition
Strips of connective tissue that give eye shape
Term
Meibomian glands
Definition
Modified sebaceous glands for lid lubrication
Term
Lacrimal apparatus
Definition
Provides conjunctiva and cornea irrigation
Term
Cataract
Definition
Clouding of crystalline lens from a clumping of proteins.
17.2% of Americans >40 have them.
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
Optic nerve neuropathy characterized by loss of peripheral vision caused by increased intraocular pressure.
Age is primary risk.
Women have higher likely,
Term
Canthus
Definition
Corner of the eye where the lids meet
Term
Caruncle
Definition
Small fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands
Term
Extraocular muscles
Definition
Provide eye with straight and rotary movement
Term
Sclera
Definition
Outer fibrous coat of eye.
Continuous with cornea, refracting media of eye that bends light to focus on inner retina.
Term
Choroid
Definition
Middle vascular layer of eye.
Prevents light from reflecting internally with dark pigmentation.
Delivers blood to retina.
Term
Retina
Definition
Inner nervous layer of eye.
Visual receptive layer where light waves are changed into nerve impulses.
Contains optic disc, retinal vessels, macula.
Image formed is upside-down and reversed.
Term
Anterior and Posterior chamber
Definition
Lies behind cornea and behind iris (side of lens), respectively.
Term
Macula
Definition
Receives and transduces light from center of visual field.
Term
Pupillary light reflex
Definition
Normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retina.
Sensory afferent link is CN II and motor efferent path is CN III.
Other eye has consensual reflex as well.
Term
Fixation
Definition
Reflex direction of eye toward object attracting our attention.
Image fixed center of visual field.
Term
Fovea centralis
Definition
Area of sharpest, keenest vision.
Term

 

Accommodation

Definition

Adaptation of the eye for near vision. Curvature of lens through muscles of ciliary body.

Constriction of pupils.

Term
Presbyopia
Definition
Lens lose elasticity and become hard and glasslike.
This decreases ability for lens to change shape to accomodate for near vision.
By 40 y/o, 50% of people have.
Term
Age-related macular degeneration
Definition
Loss of central vision caused by yellow deposits and neo-vascularity in macula.
Unable to read books or do fine work.
Difficulty distinguishing faces. Peripheral vision not affected.
Term
Diabetes retinopathy
Definition
Damage to blood vessels feeding retina.
Leading cause of blindness in working-age adults.
Term
Snellen eye chart
Definition
20 feet from chart.
Most common and accurate measure of vision.
The larger the denominator, the poorer the vision.
Top number indicates distance from chart, denominator is distance that normal eye could have read that particular line.
Term
Near vision
Definition
Test those > 40 and who have trouble reading.
Normal is 14/14 in each eye.
Term
Confrontation test
Definition
Test that shows loss of peripheral vision.
Start temporal direction and move fingers behind person.
Normal = 50 degrees upward, 90 temporally, 70 inferiorly, 60 nasally.
Term
Preorbital edema
Definition
Swollen and puffy lids.
Lid tissues loosely connects.
Occurs with local infections.
Term
Exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
Definition
Forward displacement of eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures.
"lid lag"
Term
Ptosis (drooping upper lid)
Definition
Occurs from neuromuscular weakness at oculomotor cranial nerve
Term
Hirschberg test (corneal light reflex)
Definition
Assess parallel alignment of eye axes by shining light toward person's eye.
Note reflection of light on corneas.
Should be same spot on eye.
Term
Diagnostic positions test
Definition
Move finger in 6 cardinal directions
Elicits muscle weakness during movement.
Term
Anisocoria
Definition
Having pupils of two different sizes (have seen 20%)
Term
Red reflex
Definition
Red glow that fills person's pupil during an eye exam.
Reflection of ophthalmoscope light off inner retina.
10 inches away from face at 15 degree lateral angle.
+6 for hyperopia, -6 for myopia
Term
Strabismus
Definition
squint, crossed eye.
One eye deviates off fixation point.
Visual acuity in that eye deteriorates from disuse.
Term
Cover test
Definition
If eye jumps to reestablish function, muscle weakness occurs.
Term
Pseudostrabismus
Definition
Excess skin folds over inner corner of eye that give false appearance of malalighment
Term
Pingueculae
Definition
Yellowish elevated nodules cause by thickening of bulbar conjunctiva from decreased tear production and prolonged exposure to sun, dust.Normal.
Term
Pterygium
Definition
Abnormal opacity on bulbar conjunctiva that grows of the cornea.
Term
Arcus senilis
Definition
Gray-white arc around the limbus caused by dposition of lipid material.
Commonly seen around the cornea. Looks riased.
No effect on vision.
Term
Xanthelasma
Definition
Soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on lids of inner canthus. Occur around 50s mostly in women.
Cholesterol levels do not matter.
Term
Drusen
Definition
Benign degenerative hyaline deposits.
Small, yellow dots scattered on retina.
No effect on vision, usually symmetrical on both eyes.
Term
Periorbital edema
Definition
Eyelid abnormality that occurs in local infections.
Lids swollen and puffy, loosely connected, crying.
Term
Exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
Definition
Forward displacement of eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures.
"Lid lag", upper lid rests above limbus and white sclera is visible.
Term
Enophthalmos (sunken eyes)
Definition
Narrowed palpebral fissures, eyeballs recessed,
Caused by loss of fat in orbits and occurs with dehydration.
Term
Ptosis (drooping upper lid)
Definition
Eyelid abnormality caused by neuromuscular weakness, oculomotor cranial nerve damage, or sympathetic nerve damage.
Impairs vision and gives sleep appearance.
Term
Upward palpebral slant
Definition
Eyelid abnormality that can be indicator of downs syndrome but is normal in some children.
Term
Ectropion
Definition
Lower lid is loose and rolling out, not approximate to eyeball.
Puncta cannot siphon tears effectively, causing excess tearing.
Dry and itchy.
Atrophy of elastic tissue.
Term
Entropion
Definition
Lower lid rolls in due to spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting.
Lashes rubbing irritates cornea.
"Foreign body" sensation.
Term
Blepharitis (inflammation of eyelids)
Definition
Lesion on eyelid appears as scaly, greasy flakes and thickened, crusted lid margins that occur with staphylococcal infection or dermatitis.
Pain, burning, itching.
Term
Chalazion
Definition
Beady nodule is lesion protruding on lid.
Infection of meibomian gland.
Can be chronic or acute.
Term
Hordeolum (stye)
Definition
Lesion appears as infection of staphylococcal on eyelid at hair follicles at lid margin. Red, swollen, painful.
Can cross contaminate with rubbing.
Term
Dacryocystitis (inflammation of lacrimal sac)
Definition
Infection and blockage of lacrimal sac and duct. Swelling, redness occurs below inner canthus towards nose. Tearing and discharge from puncta.
Can also occur as infection (adenitis) in mumps, measles.
Term
Basal cell carcinoma
Definition
Often on lower lid, small painless nodule with central ulceration and pearly edges.
Associated with UV exposure.
Term
Monocular blindness
Definition
Light directed to blind eye and no response occurs in either eye.
Response occurs if light directed at normal eye.
Term
Miosis
Definition
Constricted, fixed pupils that can occur with glaucoma eye drops and narcotic use
Term
Horner syndrom
Definition
Small regular pupil that does react to light and accommodation but other does not.
Lesion of sympathetic nerve.
Term
Conjunctivitis
Definition
"Pink eye" Infection of the conjunctiva.
Red, beefy looking vessels at periphery, commonly from bacterial or viral infection.
Normal vision.
Term
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Definition
Upper lid, conjunctiva, cornea inflamed from season allergies.
Eye itching, watering also occur.
Term
Iritis
Definition
Circumcorneal redness or deep, dull red halo around iris and cornea. Pupil shape irregular from iris swelling.
Blurred vision and pain.
Term
Primary angle-closure glaucoma
Definition
Circumcorneal redness around iris with dilated pupil. Cornea looks steamy due to sudden clouding of vision.
Halos around lights. Requires emergency treatment to avoid permanent vision loss.
Term
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Definition
Red patch on sclera that looking alarming but not usually serious.
Sharp edges like spot of paint. Occurs from increased intraocular pressure.
Term
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Definition
Presentation of shingles involving ophthalmic nerve.
May have numbness, tingling, systematic symptoms.
Unilateral maculopapular rash around lid vesicles.
Term
Pterygium
Definition
Trianuglar opaque wing of bulbar conjunctiva overgrows towards center of cornea.
Transclucent, yellow to white.
Invades from nasal side and may obstruct vision.
Happens from chronic exposure to hot, sandy climate.
Term
Corneal Abrasion
Definition
Common result of blunt eye injury, stain reveals yellow-green branching.
Top lyer of corneal epithelium removed.
Intense pain and photophobia (sensitivity to light)
Term
Shallow anterior chamber
Definition
Iris pushed anteriorly from increased intraocular pressure.
Only temporal side of iris is illuminated, creating "shadow sign"
Term
Hypopyon
Definition
Purulent matter in anterior chamber of eye.
Occurs with iritis and inflammation in that chamber.
Term
Hyphema
Definition
Blood in anterior chamber as result of herpes zoster or blunt trauma or hemorrhage.
Blood settles in front of iris.
Term
Nuclear cataract
Definition
Central opaque gray opacity in center of lens nucleus surrounded by black (as apparent in red reflex)
Begins after 40 and gradually obstructs vision.
Term
Cortical cataract
Definition
Star shaped opacity in outer cortex of lens. Progresses faster that nuclear cataract.
White spokes with black center.
Term
Optic atrophy (Disc pallor)
Definition
White or gray color of optic disc due to partial.complete death of optic nerve.
Decreased color vision.
Term
Papilledema (choked disc)
Definition
Venous stasis shows redness and elevation of optic disc as result of increased intracranial pressure, usually from space-occupying mass.
Acuity not affected.
Term
Excessive cup-disc ratio
Definition
Primary open-angle glaucoma pressure decreases blood supply to retinal structures. Physiologic cup enlarges to more than half optic disc diamete.
Vessels displaced nasally, assymptomatic with decreased vision.
Term
Narrowed Arteries
Definition
Generalized decrease in retinal arteriole diameter. Occurs with severe hypertension.
Term
Arteriovenous crossing (nicking)
Definition
Small arteriole is seen crossing a small vein resulting in bulging on either side of crossing.
Person has disc edema.
Occurs with malignant hypertension.
Silver-wire arteries.
Term
Moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Definition
Microaneurysms appear within retina as small, studded red dots with smooth edges. Dot hemorrhages distinguished by irregular blurred edges.
Circular or linear pattern.
Term
Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Definition
Lipid exudates and large flame-shaped hemorrhages visible on retina.
Term
Impaired vision
Definition
Caused by refractive error, opacity in the media, or disorder in retina or optic pathway
Term
Optic disc
Definition
Area in which fibers from retina converge to form optic nerve. Toward nasal saide of retina.
Contains physiological cup where blood vessels enter/exit.
Term
Retinal vessels
Definition
Paired artery and vein that grow progressively smaller as they extend toward periphery.
Term
Abducens nerve (CN 6)
Definition
Nerve that innervates lateral rectus muscle
Term
Trochlear nerve (CN 4)
Definition
Nerve that innervates superior oblique muscle
Term
Oculomotor nerve (CN 3)
Definition
Nerve that inervates all but the lateral rectur and superior oblique muscles of eye
Term
Nystagmus
Definition
Fine, oscillating movement around iris. Disease occurs with semi circle canals.
Term
Ocular Fundus
Definition
Internal surface of the retina
Term
Diopter
Definition
Unit of strength of each lens of the opthalmoscope
Term
Mydriasis
Definition
Dilated, fixed pupils
Term
Phoria
Definition
mild weakness in the eye apparent only with the cover test
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