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eye pharm
.
31
Medical
Graduate
12/10/2010

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Cards

Term
cocaine
Definition
blocks ne reuptake --> dilates nl eye, no effect on horner's (50% 1/2nd order assoc pancoast) since no ne release in the first place
Term
paredrine
Definition
oh-amphetamine, indirect adrenergic agonist --> inc ne release --> dilates nl or 1/2nd order horner's, no effect on 3rd order horner's
Term
dilator mm
Definition
a-adrenergic, outside part iris
Term
pupillary sphincter mm
Definition
cholinergic, inside dilator mm
Term
ciliary body mm
Definition
cholinergic contraction (accommodation), b-adrenergic relaxation (far)
Term
horner's syndr
Definition
dec sns stim, miosis (inh dilator mm), ptosis (inh sup tarsal aka muller's m), raised brow (skeletal m compensation), color change (dec melanocyte stim, chronic/congenital)
Term
ant chamber angle
Definition
cornea-iris
Term
anisocoria
Definition
nl 20% pop, horner's, adie's (tonic) pupil, cniii palsy, pharm (bella donna alkaloids from Jimson weed, similar to atropine, scopolamine), iris dmg
Term
adie's pupil
Definition
benign, 70% young women from teens-30s, 50-90% dec dtr, usu unilateral, very slight reactivity to light

dmg post ganglionic psns nn from ciliary ganglion --> denervation hs (takes time to develop)

dx: .1% pilocarpine (too weak for nl pupil) --> constriction
Term
pilocarpine
Definition
parasympathetic agent, 1% constricts nl pupil, .1% too weak except for adie's, spasm of accommodation, red intraocular pressure (stretch trabecular meshwork spaces by pulling iris in), will not constrict pharm dilated pupil, inc visual acuity (dec curvature of cornea)

ae: if too much won't dilate at night, brow ache
Term
cycloplegic agents
Definition
cholinergic antagonist (mAChR), relaxes accomodation (ciliary body), relaxes pupillary constriction (sphincter)

atropine, tropicanimide (mydriacyl), cyclopentolate (cyclogyl), homatropine, scopolamine
Term
atropine
Definition
from bella donna, most potent, up to 2 wks, used for severe inflamm (uveitis in sarcoidosis, iritis, following eye surg),
Term
tropicanimide
Definition
mydriacyl, shortest, onset 30 min, up to 4-6 hr, standard, no diff .5/1%, fundus exams, determine refraction errors in children
Term
cyclopentolate
Definition
cyclogyl, stronger, lasts 24 hrs, use corneal abrasion (ciliary spasm painful) or other mild conditions, use 2ce/day
Term
homatropine
Definition
little longer than cyclopentolate, shorter than atropine, 1-3 days, 4x/day for corneal abrasions, chemical burns, iritis, uveitis, post-op
Term
scopolamine
Definition
lasts 2-4 days to wk, ae psychosis, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, vomiting, urinary incontinence

use transdermally for motion sickness, can cause unilateral pupillary dilation
Term
phenylephrine
Definition
2.5% neosynephrine, 5-6 hr, 45 min onset, stim dilator mm (sympathetic) and muller's (eye open wide), vasoconstrictor, small conc use otc visine (rebound effect)

10% sol can cause death in few drops due to htn crisis, occipital ha, ventricular arrhythmia, tachycardia
Term
mydiratic agent
Definition
dilates pupil via sns stim

phenylephrine
Term
routine dilation
Definition
combo 1% tropicanimide + 2.5% neosynephrine

.5% or 1% tropicanimide alone

REMEMBER TO DO THE FLASHLIGHT TEST TO CHECK FOR NARROW ANT CHAMBER ANGLES BEFORE YOU DILATE PT'S EYES
Term
dapripazole
Definition
rev-eyes, a-adrenergic reversal
Term
nl fluid flow
Definition
produced in ciliary body --> post chamber --> pupil --> ant chamber --> trabecular meshwork --> schlemm's canal --> episcleral v --> aqueous v --> blood
Term
dx glaucoma
Definition
nl 15-16 mmhg, check w/ goldman applanator on anesthesized eye (schiotz tonometer w/ weight), optometrist use non-contact w/ air puff, check optic n cup/disc ratio, check humphrey visual field perimeter
Term
narrow angle glaucoma
Definition
<5% glaucoma pts, lens swells, gets cataracts --> push iris fwd, if you dilate --> iris bunches up --> sudden absolute closure trabecular meshwork --> sudden onset pressure build up --> severe pain (eyes --> ha), redness of sclera, blurred vision, halos around lights, n/v, cloudy cornea, fixed/irregular/mid-dilated pupils

tx: break attack w/ drops to dec pressure, surgical peripheral iridectomy (now done w/ lasers) --> equalize pressures ant/post chambers, lifetime cure, bilateral
Term
epi
Definition
direct ns a/b-agonist, conjunctival constriction, slight mydriasis, red intraocular pressure (inc outflow), vasoconstriction

ae: if abs nasal vasculature, htn crisis, tachycardia, ha, palpitation, chronic red eye, pvc, local burning/irritation, local allergic rxn, accumulation melanin granules
Term
dipivefrin
Definition
propine, lipophilic ver epi so better abs cornea --> transform epi inside (much better ae), so .1% = 2% epi
Term
brimonidine
Definition
alphagan, s a2-adrenergic, avoid b ae
Term
timolol
Definition
b-block, drug of choice glaucoma, target ciliary body (dec prod)

ae: lethargy, lightheadedness, fatigue, mem loss, bradycardia, syncope, hypotension, arrythmia, wheezing, pulm edema, chf, red libido, depression, death

expensive
Term
levobunolol
Definition
betagan, ns b-block
Term
betaxolol
Definition
betopic, b1-block (cardioselective), not as effective but limit ae (esp pulm), use if hx chf, asthma
Term
combigan
Definition
alphagan + timolol, inc compliance
Term
pg analogue
Definition
1st line drug, no systemic ae, iris/skin can get darker, eyelashes longer (latisse)
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