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| a settlement created by new residents of an area |
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| Period of European history that lasted from the late 400s until around 1350 |
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| System of govt that arose during the Middle Ages in which people gave their loyalty to a lord in exchange for protection |
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| large estates held by monarchs and nobels in the Middle Ages |
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| "great charter"; agreed to by king john of England, it gave the nobility and individuals greater rights and made it clear that the nobility and monarchs must obey the law |
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| series of five wars launched by European Christians to gain possession of the holy land |
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| overland trade routes that linked china with other Asian markets as far west as the black sea |
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| an epidemic that spread through europe from 1348 to about 1350 that kiled many ad 75 million people |
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| Period of economic development that took place in Europe in the 1400s and greatly expanded trade |
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| Money or property that is used to earn more money |
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| businesses formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses |
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| rebirth of interest in the arts and learning that spread around Europe lasted until the 1600 |
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| tool used by navigators in the 1400s and 1500s to determine a ships position by charting the position of the stars. |
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| sole economic control of a business or product |
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| small Portuguese ship that was very maneuverable and fast |
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| centuries- long struggle to drive the moors from Spain; ended in 1492 with the surrender of the kingdom of Granada |
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| a royal governor in Spanish America |
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| boundary established by pope Alexander VI in 1493 about 300 miles west and south of the Azores; gave unclaimed land west of the line to Spain, and east of the line to Portugal |
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| narrow, window sea passage |
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| to sail completely around something |
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| Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americans and Europe, Asia, and Africa |
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| a nonexistent path through north america that early explorers searched for, hoping that it would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic ocean, from the pacific |
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