Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Experiments and Vocabulary
Test #2 stuff
37
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

Noisy Movie

Definition

Watch movie- 1group noise; one no noise

Rate how much enjoyed movie

Experimental group asked how much noise affected their rating

Both groups gave same ratings

Experimental group said noise significantly affected their ratings.

 

Meaning: Sometimes give to much credit to external influences.

 

Term

Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

Pantyhose

Definition

Had people evaluate the quality of a number of pantyhose.

When people chose ones they prefered the one futheres right was 4x chosen more than the others.

Panty hoes all the same.

Participants refused to believe they chose pantyhose based on posistion, so they made up own plausibe explanations.

 

Meaning: Sometimes don't give enough credit to external factors. credit our behavior with reasons that seem plausible and believe that they're true even whit they may not be.

Term

Schachter and Singer (1962)

two-factor theory of emotion

Definition

Gave part. shot of epinephrine.

1 group told of its effects the other not.

Had them fill out survey with person that was confederate.

Questionaire had insulting questions.

Confederate became very angry.

Those that knew drugs effect attributed their emotions to drug; those that didn't attributed emotions to the survey.

 

Meaning: our emotions are rather arbitary and that we search out the most plausible explanations for them.

Term

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

Boring Task

Definition

Had part. turn pegs for an hour.

Then told them next participant had arrived and would they be willing to tell them the experiment was fun.

Offered one group $1 and the other $20.

Then asked how much they enjoyed study.

Ones offered $20 said they regretted doing it; those offered $1 said they enjoyed it.

 

Meaning: Induced Compliance is when one states an opinion or attitude that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude. Had to change opinion to decrease dissoance.

Term

Aronson and Mills (1952)

Group initiation

Definition

Had part. for group discussion on sex.

3 groups- severe screaning, mild, and no screaning at all.

Made discussion very boring and wouldn't let part. talk.

Mild and no secreaning groups regreted participating.

Severe said they enjoyed it and got something out of it.

 

Meaning: Effort justification is when one increases their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.  Increased liking for discussion b/c felt unconforable with themselves for going through horible process to join something boring.

Term

Freedman (1965)

Forbidden Toy

Definition

Had children in room full of toys.

Had children rate which was their fav. toy (robey robbot)

Told children they couldn't play with robbot.

Severe threat told if they did then all other toys would by taken away.

Mild threat told it they did then they would annoy the experimenter.

Neither group played with robbot, then asked to rerate.

Severe threat still said Robey; mild did not.

 

Meaning: Insufficient determinant is when dissonance is aroused when individual lacks suffiecient justification for having resisted a desired activity or object.  Mild had to justify why they didn't play with Robey.

Term

Pratkanis and Aronson (1992)

"Maintaining and Creating a Cult"

Definition

1. Create own social reality (remove all threats)

2. Establish ingroup of followers and outgroup of unredeemed

3. Gennerate commitment through dissonance reduction (effort justification)

4. Establish cult leaders credibility and attractiveness

5. Send members out to convert unredeamed

6. Distract members from thinkin undersirable thoughts (never alone and constant ritual)

7. Fix members on phantom promised land

Term

Petty, Capioppo, and Goldman (1981)

College speech and route processing

Definition

College students asked to listen to speech that argued give an exit exam.

Half part told school seriously thinking about it; Other half told thinking about it but wouldn't happen for 10 yrs.

Half heard strong argument; other half heard weak.

Half speaker was professor; half speaker highschool student.

Personal relevance main factor: High personal relevance persuaded my argument not speaker; Low persuaded by speaker.

Term

Cialdini

"Weapons of Influence"

3 Components shared

Definition

1. Mechanical processes can be activated (click, whirr)

2. Can be exploited by others that are aware of these weapons

3. prosess is very subtle

Term

Fishbein and Ajzen (1980)

Theory of Reasoned Action

Definition

Know persons attitude toward object

Know subjective norms (others' attitudes about object)

Know whether person has the ability.

Predict behavior.

Observe Behavior.

Term

Asch (1951)

Line Judgement

Definition

About 7 participants; all confederates except one person.

Shown 1 card with a line on it; shown another card with 3 lines on it.

Asked to estimate line on 3 line card that's closest to 1 line card.

First few rounds everybody answers correctly

Very easy; too boring

Then confederates start to give wrong answers

33% conformed during time experiment took place; 76% conformed at least once; 24% didn't conform at all.

 

Meaning: Normative Social Influence. Part knew they were wrong but didn't want to look like a fool.

Term

Milgram (1963/1965)

Obediance/Shock Study

Definition

2 part- 1 confederate

NC read words to C; C was to repeat words back correctly

If wrong received shocks in 15 volts increments (15v to 450v)

After awhile C begin to complain; when NC looked toward experimenter for help he was told to go on.

65% administer the 450v shock.

Term

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Definition
emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience phsyciological arousal and then seek and appropiate explanation for it
Term
Social Comparison
Definition
when a person learns about their own abilities and attitudes by comparing themself to others
Term

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

Definition
the tendency to adapt to a given level which no longer satisfies us
Term

Relative Deprivation

Definition
the experience of being deprived something that one feels they are entitled to
Term
Self-handicapping
Definition
when someone creates obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task they can avoid blaming themself
Term
Induced Compliance
Definition
when one states an opinion or attitude that runs counter to one's private belef or attitude
Term
Effort Justification
Definition
when one increases their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
Term
Insufficient Determinant
Definition
when dissonance is aroused when individual lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object.
Term

Tesser (1988)

Self-evaluation maintenance theory

Definition

Premises: act in way that max. self-evaluation; self-eval is partly dependent upon interactions with others.

Processes: reflection increases self-esteem by having close associations w/ others; comparison is comparing w/ high performing other may decrease self-esteem

Variable: Performance- how someone does and how it compares to you; closeness- relationship b/w you and other; relevance- how important behavior is in regard to you self-concept.

Term
Self-evlauation maintenance theory
Definition
the idea that one's self-concept can be threateded by another individual's behavior and that the level of threat is determined by both the closeness of the other individual and personal relavance of the behavior
Term
Central Route Processing
Definition
when people listen carefully to and think about arguments, therefore basing choices on the facts provided
Term
Peripheral Route processing
Definition
when people base dicisions on the "bells and whistles" of an argument
Term
Reciprocity Rule
Definition
One should be more willing to comply with a request from someone who has previously provided a favor or concession
Term

Consistency Rule

Definition
After committing to a position, one should be more willing to comply with requests for behaviors that are consistent with that posistion.
Term
Friendship/Liking rule
Definition
One should be more willing to comply with they request of friends or other individuals.
Term

Scarcity Rule

Definition
One should try to secure those opportunities that are scarce or dwindling
Term
Social Validation Rule
Definition
One should be more willing to comply with a request for behavior if it is consistent with what similar others are thinking or doing
Term

Authority Rule

Definition
One should be more willing to follow the suggestions of someone who is a legitimate authority
Term
Foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
occurs when you want to get something started, first you ask a small request that will usually get compliance, but then end with a larger request which was the target to begin with
Term

Freedman and Fraser (1966)

Safe driving billboard

Definition

Went door to door in a neighborhood and asked if they would be willing to sigh a petition for safe driving; most did. 

Then asked if they would be willing to put a safe driving sticker in their window; most did

Finally asked if they would put a big, ugly billboard promoting safe driving in their yard; most did.

Term
Door-in-the-face Technique
Definition
begins with a large request which will be turned down and then ends with a smaller request that was the target all along
Term

Pennebaker (1979)

Singles Bar

Definition

Went to singles bar and asked people to rate attractiveness.

Continued to ask to do this for 3 hrs, 2hrs, and 1 hr before closing time.

Found the less time till closing time the more attractive people were rated

 

Meaning: Because time and amount of possible partners were becoming scarce so they lowered their standards.

Term
Informational Social Influence
Definition
when people conform due to other peoples influence because we see them as a source of information for how we should act
Term
Normative Social Influence
Definition
when we conform because we want to be liked and accepted by those we are conforming to.
Term

Sheirf (1936)

Autokinetic Study

Definition

Had part look at light in a blackouted room from a distance.

Then had them estimate how much light would move.

Usually had a rythm 4in to 2in to 4in to 2in and so on.

Light really never moved.

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