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| A group of students in a cooking class is trying to find a faster way to bake a cake. They know that it takes 30 minutes to bake a cake at 350 degrees; so they figure that it should take only 15 minutes at 700 degrees. They are using _____ to solve the problem. |
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| A researcher is measuring social skills for pre-school children by observing their behavior during a play period. However, the researcher is concerned about the validity of the observational measure, so a questionnaire is sent home to each child's parents to obtain a second measure of social skill. The two measures are then compared to make sure that they agree. This is an example of establishing _____. |
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| Which of the following is NOT a good example of a scientific hypothesis? |
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a. There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.
b. Increased sugar consumption leads to an increased level of activity.
c. smaller class size is related to better academic performance.
d. a persons level of self esteem is related to how long he or she will persist at a difficult task.
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| Which scale of measurement allow you to determine the size of the difference between two measurements? |
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| Most early attempts to establish ethical guidelines were focused on |
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| Medical research with humans |
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| Observing the behavior of adolescents at the mall, you get some ideas about what may be causing behavior. This is an example of getting research ideas from: |
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| Which of the following is NOT. a good example of a scientific hypothesis? |
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a. There would be less racial tension today if Abraham Lincoln had not been assassinated.
b. children can learn a new language faster than adults can
c. academic performance would improve if students begin classes earlier
d. people can respond faster to a sound stimulus than to a light stimulus. |
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| A sample consists of 25 freshman, 25 sophomores, 25 juniors, and 25 seniors from a high school. This sample is an example of? |
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| Stratified random sampling |
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| Reaction time in seconds is an example of what scale of measurement? |
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| The _____ section provides suggestions for the interpretation and applications of research results. |
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| It is possible for psychologists to study variables such as hunger, motivation, and self-esteem because these variables can be measured by |
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| Young children occasionally have temper tantrums. You wonder what the best way for parents to handle these episodes. This is an example of getting research ideas from |
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| Under which of the following circumstances is informed consent not necessary? |
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| Public opinion research where participants complete anonymous questionnaires. |
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| After a research idea is found, the next step in the research process involves |
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| developing the hypothesis |
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| A researcher developed a new intelligence test for elementary school children. However, the researcher fears that the scores from the test may actually be measuring the children reading ability. To show that the test is measuring intelligence and not reading ability, the researcher must demonstrate _____ validity. |
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| When your doctor asks you whether you have been sleeping well at night, the doctor is gathering information by using the _____ |
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| The institutional review board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing |
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| research involving human participants. |
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| Research setting that suggest what kinds of behavior are expected from a participant contain |
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| Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? |
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| When you "know" you do not want to eat fried worms, even when everyone around you says they are great your decision is based on |
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| McClelland (1958) observed a group of children play ring toss game. he noticed that those who tried harder on the ring toss game scored higher on a need-for-achievement test. you have demonstrated |
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| The goal of conducting a literature search is to |
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| learn of existing knowledge and identify a gap in that knowledge |
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| List the three modalities of measurement & list one pro and con to each mode of measurement. |
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1. Self-report: pro - direct
con - bias
2. physiological: pro -
con - not always applicable (personality)
3. behavior: pro - easy to obtain
con - situational based
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| List and describe three modes for measuring reliability |
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Definition
1. Test-retest: rest let time pass then test again.
2. Split-half: compare the 1st half to 2nd half
3. Inter-rater: at least 2 different measurements taken on same experiment.
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| Types of probability sampling |
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Definition
1. Random
2. Systematic
3. Stratified |
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| Characteristics of the sample are similar tot he characteristics of the population along the same dimensions of interest (EX. Gayzurs study; picking healthiest older adults is NOT representative of entire population of older adults but it compares to healthy young people which was her interest of the study) |
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| The Sample is the set of individuals selected (and who agree) to participate in research study (EX. Gayzurs study selected the healthiest older adults she could find out of her selection of older adults) |
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| The individuals from the target population who are available to be recruited for your study |
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| ENTIRE set of people that are related to the research question (EX. for Gayzurs study on older people and attention her target population is older adults in U.S.) |
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Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Convenience sampling |
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Definition
Decide on a Research idea
Report findings
Analyze the data
Conduct the study
Select research strategy and design
Recruit participants
Decide how to DEFINE and MEASURE variables
Formulate hypothesis |
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Simple & subjective/transparent
(Does it look like it measures what it says it measures?) |
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Easy to assess
(Does it match something thats already been established?) |
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EX. ACT/SAT predicts success in college.
(Does what you are measuring predict behavior?) |
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Using TWO different methods to measure the same construct.
EX. Want to measure Childs aggression by 1. observing reports from peers or 2. students-- this is how multiple methods are used to measure ONE construct. |
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Checking that your construct is distinct from other constructs
EX. If you want to measure Childs aggression, make sure you are measuring aggression and not something else like playing, accidentally bumping into peer, or being loud in gym. |
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| Consistency and Stability (HOW STABLE ARE YOUR SCORES OVER TIME?) |
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