Nuremberg Code

-Prosecute Nazis for War Crime
-10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human subjects in research

Tuskegee Study

-withheld penicillin from participants with syphilis even after it became a standard treatment -- and without their knowledge

Milgram's Study

-sought to discover how far subjects would go in order to obey an authority figure

Belmont Report

-identifies 3 basic ethical principles for protecting human subjects
-respect requires that individuals should consent to participate in studies and those who cannot give their consent must be protected
-beneficence requires minimizing risks and maximize possible benefits
-justice requires fairness in procedures for selecting participants

confidentiality

-ensures that the information obtained from the research participants will be kept secret and private

informed consent

-human participants should be given complete information about the research and their roles in it before agreeing to participate

deception

-purposeful withholding of information or misleading of participants about a study

active deception

-the intentional presentation of misinformation about a study to its participants

passive deception

-the intentional withholding or omitting of information whereby participants are not told some information about the study

Confederate

-a person who pretends to be a participant in a research study but actually is working for the researcher to create a false environment

debriefing

-a postexperimental explanation of the purpose of the study

plagiarism

-presenting someone else's ideas or words as one's own

accessible population

-the easily available segment of a target population

population

-the entire set of individuals of interest to a researcher

generalization

-external validity
-from sample to the general population
-from one research study to another
-from a research study to a real world situation

selection bias

-when participants or subjects are selected in a manner that increases the probability of obtaining a bias sample

representative

-the extent to which the characteristics of the sample accurately reflects the characteristics of a population

probability sampling

-a sampling method in which the entire population is known, each individual in the population has a specifiable probability of selection, and sampling is done using a random process based on the probabilities

nonprobability sampling

-a method of sampling in which the population is not completely known, individual probabilities cannot be known, and the selection is based on factors such as common sense or ease with the effort to maintain representativeness and avoid bias

random process

-a procedure that produces one outcome from a set of possible outcomes
-unpredictable and equal probability

convenience sampling

-a nonprobability sampling method involving selection of individuals on the basis of their ability and willingness to respond

cluster

-probability sampling method

clustering sampling

-a probability sampling technique involving random selection of groups instead of individuals from a population

descriptive strategy

-produce a description of individual variables as they exist within a specific group
-one variable
-snapshot
-natural state

quasi-experimental strategy

-attempt to produce a cause and effect but fall short
-examine relationships between variables by comparing two (or more) groups of scores

nonexperimental strategy

-produce a description of the relationship between two variables but do not attempt to explain the relationship

research design

-a general plan for implementing a research strategy
-specified whether the study will involve group or individual participants

research strategy

-a general approach to research determined by the kind of questions that the research hopes to answer
-General approach and goal of the research study

external validity

-the extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, times, measures, and characteristics other than those used in the study

internal validity

-produce a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables

APA ethical guidelines

-no harm
-privacy and confidentiality
-institutional approval
-competence
-record keeping
-informed consent to research
-dispensing with informed consent
-offering inducements for research participation
-deception in research
-debriefing

IRB

-committee composed of scientists and nonscientists that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of human participants
-minimize risk of harm to participants
-reasonable risk in relation to benefits
-equitable selection
-informed consent
-documentation of informed consent
-data monitoring
-privacy and confidentiality

major goal of research

-to answer a specific research question
-maximize internal and external validity

-selection is fair and unbiased

major advantages of simple random sampling

extraneous variable

-any variable in a research study other than the specific variables being studied

experimental bias

-the influence on the findings of the study from the experimenter's expectation about the study