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| Descriptive research describes 4 things: behaviors, _______, feelings, and ______________. |
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Definition
| thoughts, physiological reactions |
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| Focus of Descriptive Research |
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Definition
| obtaining basic information rather than testing a hypothesis |
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| Descriptives statistics also describes a ______ of a population. |
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Definition
| sample (small piece of the big pie) |
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| Three types of descriptive research: |
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Definition
| surveys, demographic, epidemiological (see diagram for furthur info.) |
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| Successive independent samples survey |
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Definition
| 2 or more samples answer same question at different time (Vietnam snapshot vs. Iraq War snapshot, "What do you think of fed. gov't?) |
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Definition
| process of which participants are chosen from the population of interest to participate |
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| Error of estimation (margin of error) |
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Definition
| degree to which sample data deviate from population data (want to know the wiggle room) |
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| Probability sampling (3 types: simple, stratified, cluster) |
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Definition
| researcher knows odds of whether a person was included in the survey or not |
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| list of the actual population (along with a random number table) |
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| Non-probability sampling (3 types: convenience, quota, purposive) |
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Definition
| researcher does not know whether a person was included in a survey or not |
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| Biggest problem with probability sampling |
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Definition
| non-response - individuals fail to respond to survey (may lead to bias, misgeneralizations) |
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Definition
| genearlizing results of your sample to the population |
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| most scores fall toward the mean (middle) with fewer scores toward extremes |
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| more low scores than high scores |
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| more high scores than low scores |
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| describing a person's score in relation to everyone elses in the sample |
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| Z score is also a __________ score. |
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Definition
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| actual score - mean / standard deviation |
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| invesitgates relationship between psychological variables; describes nature of relationship |
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Definition
| relationship between 2 or more naturally occuring variables; described my scatter plots, coefficicents |
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Definition
strong (number close to 1), weak (number close to 0); has to be between
-1 and +1 |
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Term
| If we square the correlation coefficient we get the __________. |
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Definition
| correlation of determination |
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Definition
| represents the proportion of variance in one of our variables that is accounted for by the other variables |
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| Three factors that impact significance |
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Definition
| sample size, magnitutde of correlation, how strict a probability value |
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| Factors that distory correlation coefficients |
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Definition
| restrict range (narrow set of scores vs. full range), outliers, reliability of measures (less reliable, less correlated, more error) |
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| Correlation DOES NOT imply ___________!!! |
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Definition
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Definition
| correlation between A and B may be caused by a third variable, C |
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Definition
| when an investigator manipulates an IV to see if there's a change in a DV |
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Term
| Experimental vs. correlational |
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Definition
| you can test and find cause/effect relationship unlike correlational |
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Term
| To be an experiment, it must have 3 things |
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Definition
Must be at least one independent variable to have an effect on a DV
Must have power to assign participant to various conditions
Researcher must control extra variables that may influence Ps behavior |
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Term
| Simple random assignment vs. simple random sample |
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Definition
| Assign people to a condition vs. taking a random sample of people for an experiment in general regardless of condition |
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Term
| Indepedent variables are often called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Must be at least ___ levels per IV. |
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Definition
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Definition
| environmental, instructional manipulations, invasive manipulations. |
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| Control groups are the "none, nothing" of what you are _______. |
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Definition
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Definition
| placebo (sugar pill), water, normal setting vs. contrived setting |
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Term
| Many experiments fail because the ___________ was not strong enough. |
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Definition
| manipulation (Ex. melatonin, lighting) |
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| Pilot tests and manipulation checks also assess impact of the ___. |
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| When assigning Ps to conditions, the goal is to make sure that the groups are as _______ as possible. |
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Definition
| equivalent (age, intelligence, etc.) |
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Definition
| every participant has equal chance of being placed in any condition, goal is to have people "match" within each condition |
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Definition
| aka. between groups design, a difference between groups (get only ONE condition of IV) |
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| aka. within-subjects design, intersted in behavioral differences across conditions within a single group of Ps (get all conditions of IV) |
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Definition
| more power (more ability to detect an effect), comparison of scores vs. just one; require fewer Ps |
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| Disadvantages of within groups research |
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Definition
| order effects (practice effects, fatigue effects, sensitization, carryover effects |
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Definition
| improvement in performance due to condition order |
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| decline in performance due to condition order (tired, bored, less motivated) |
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| drastic differences in responding due to condition order; guessing hypothesis; remembering effects from previous sessions; "I guess your hypothesis is..." |
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| effects from one condition/session carryover to the next condition/session (wash out period needed b/w conditions) |
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| all possible orders of the conditions are considered (not feasible with larger #s of the conditions) |
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Definition
| part of the total variance that reflects differences between the groups |
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| If we had to pick between variances, we'd choose ______ variance over confounding variance since it doesn't mess things up as bad. |
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Definition
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Definition
| portion of the variance in participants scores that is due to extra or "third" variables |
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| Goal: Maximize treatment variance, eliminate _____________ variance, and reduce error variance. |
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Definition
| confound variance (remember, this is bad we don't want this; error variance better even though it distorts results a little) |
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| Treatment variance + confound variance |
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Definition
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Definition
| individual differences, transient states, environmental factors, differential treatment, measurement error (See diagram) |
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Definition
| degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of the independent variable |
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| Threats of internal validity |
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Definition
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| Rosenthal effect ("experimental expectancy effects") |
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Definition
| researches see what they want to see |
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Definition
| aspects of a study that indicate to participants how they should behave |
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Definition
| a change that occurs as a result of the suggestion that a change will occur |
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Definition
| both experimenter and participant have no idea whose in what condition (helps to eliminate biases, error, etc.) |
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Definition
| ability to infer causal relationship |
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Definition
| ability to generalize results of your study to predict what might happen in other situations |
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| The more tightly a researcher controls the experimental setting (increasing ______ validity) the less those results can be generalized to the real world (decreasing _________ validity) |
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| measure DV once following IV administration |
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Definition
| measure DV prior to administation of IV then measure DV again following administration of IV |
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Definition
| more likely to detect effects of IV, effective because of pre-test control, |
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| Disadvantages of pre-post test |
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Definition
| pretest sentiziation, sometimes not neccessary because it may not provide enough info about the IV and its effect on DV |
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Term
| How many IV's in a 3x2 factorial design? |
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Definition
| 2 (Ex. caffeine and sleep amount) |
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Term
| How many conditions in a 3x2 factorial design? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many IV's are in a 2x2x2 factorial design? |
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Definition
| 3 IV's (count numerals you see) |
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Term
| How many conditions are in a 2x2x2 factorial design? |
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Definition
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Definition
| effect of one IV differs across the levels of another IV |
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Definition
| effect of one IV differs across the levels of another IV |
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Term
| advantage of a factorial design |
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Definition
| can examine both the single effects of the IV on the DV and combined/interaction of effects of the IVs on the DV |
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Term
| Parallel lines signify what? |
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Definition
| No reaction between IV and DV |
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Term
| Non-parallel lines show what? |
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Definition
| An interaction between IV and DV |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental indepedent variable and a subject variable |
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