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| writing specifically designed to inform, explain, describe, or define. |
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| underlining or highlight meaningful text in a passage in preparation for analytical writing or discussion. |
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| the use of language with the intention to persuade |
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| the interrelation of writer, purpose, and audience as they relate to speaking or writing. |
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| the use of credible characters (authority) or sources to influence an audience |
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| words or examples chosen specifically to appeal to the audience's emotions |
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| the use of reason and logic to influence an audience |
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| incorrect reason and logic to influence an audience |
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| Straw Man, Red Herring, Ad Hominem, Weak Analogy, Hasty Generation, Post hoc or false cause |
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| Were the arguer offers a weak version of the opponents position and tries to score points by knocking it down |
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| "Feminists want to ban all pornography and punish everyone who reads it! But such harsh measures are surely inappropriate, so the feminists are wrong: porn and its readers should be left in peace." |
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| an argument that avoids the primary issue to pursue a side issue that distracts the audience from what's really at stake |
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| "Grading this exam on a curve would be the most fair thing to do. After all, classes go more smoothly when the students and professor are getting along well" |
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| the arguer attacks his or her opponent instead of the opponent's argument |
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| "Andrea Dworkin has written several books arguing that pornography harms women. But Dworkin is an ugly bitter, person, so you shouldn't listen to her" |
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| An argument that relies on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situation which aren't really alike in the relevant areas |
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| "Guns are like hammers-they're both tools with metals part that could be use to kill someone" |
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| Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that inadequate. |
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| example of Hasty Generation |
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| "my roommate said he philosophy class was hard, and the one I'm in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard!" |
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| Assuming that because B comes after A,A causes B. |
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| example of Post hoc/ False cause |
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| "President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violence crime went up. Jones is responsible for the raise in crimes |
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