Term
| The underground man says that he wishes that he could at least be a “sluggard.” Why does he say this? |
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Definition
| He would at least be something and his problem is that he can’t be anything |
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Term
| This Russian utilitarian was Dostoevsky’s target. This person wrote “The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy” and What is to be Done? |
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Term
| The Underground man believes that the “most advantageous advantage” is |
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Term
| The idea that everything that happens has its external natural cause (causes), that every event is caused by prior conditions, or that every event is predictable on the basis of such conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that accepts determinism but claims that certain kinds of internal causes, namely a persons character, still allow us to call his or her actions "free." |
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Definition
| compatibilism or soft determinism |
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Term
| The theory that at least some events in the universe are not determined, are not caused by antecedent conditions, and may not be predictable. The claim that at least some things humans do is self-caused. |
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Term
| This theory of ethics says that we should always work for the “greatest happiness of the greatest number.” |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychological Egoism is the claim |
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Definition
| that we are all motivated by self-love or self interest |
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Term
| Ethical Egoism is the claim |
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Definition
| that we always should act out of self love or self interest |
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Term
| In the parable of “the Grand Inquisitor” the inquisitor berates Jesus’ resistance to the three temptations because he was a God and not a human being and thus was not really tempted. What human being could turn down bread when s/he was hungry? According to the Grand Inquisitor, what is the burden that is too much for humans beings to endure? |
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Term
| What are Kant's three postulates of Practical Reason (Ethics)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant would associate persons with which of the following ideas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the meaning of the term a priori? |
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Definition
| Basic categories of reason that are prior to any experience. |
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Term
| Which of the following is the Kantian term for the thing-in-itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the meaning of the term a posteriori? |
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Definition
| What we learn from experience. |
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Term
| For Kant we are by nature either good or evil. True or False. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Kant think we are by nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What best characterizes Kant's views about causation? |
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Definition
| Objects as we experience them are all determined by physical causes, but things as they are in themselves may not be in space and time and thus not determined by physical causes. |
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Term
| What should be the final goal of human ethics and religion for Kant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant thinks there is only one thing that is without exception good, what is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| This philosopher was famous for saying that in the “state of nature” life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and explain the three degrees of our capacity for evil? |
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Definition
1. Frailty -- We can't live up to our moral maxims (rules)
2. Impurity-- We have impure maxims that aren't in line with the moral law
3. Wickedness or perversity -- We willfully rebel against the moral law |
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Term
| Marx calls this effort to justify the structure of society through art, religion, or philosophy which of the following terms? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Marx, human beings in a capitalist society that produces mass culture are cut off from their own humanity working in repetitive jobs that reduce them to machinery. This exile from ourselves is |
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Definition
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Term
| In the famous quotation from Marx, what is the "opium of the people? |
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Definition
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Term
| This philosopher was famous for saying that in the “state of nature” life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" |
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Definition
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Term
| Before Hegel begins his discussion of self-consciousness in the relation of Master and Slave he tells us that selfness or the “I” is bound up with negation of objects in acts like eating, and negation is bound up with which of the following characteristics? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Hegel course of history toward freedom and democracy is driven by conflict and desire. It is violent. True or False. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hegel uses this term to describe the conflict of ideas that develop in history |
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Definition
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Term
| The irony of the Master/Slave relation is that the “essential consciousness” becomes the conscious of the slave. True or False. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Hegel’s Master/Slave Hegel claims that the two adversaries (though they may not realize it) are both really seeking in the mirror of the other. |
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Definition
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Term
| What Biblical character does Kierkegaard take for his prime example of the "Knight of Faith" in Fear and Trembling? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which character in classical Greek mythology sacrifices his daughter? Kierkegaard takes him as the example of the tragic hero in Fear and Trembling. |
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Definition
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Term
| Someone who only lives for sensual self-gratification in the immediacy of the moment would be examples of which stage in Kierkegaard’s existential dialectic or stages on life’s way? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kierkegaard was engaged to . After the engagement was broken he wrote Fear and Trembling as a message in code to her? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Kierkegaard’s idea of “truth as subjectivity” differ from the humanity formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative? |
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Definition
| Kant’s is commitment to a universal principle where Kierkegaard’s is personal and individual. |
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Term
| Lower immediacy, immediate experience, and self-love all describe which part of the Kierkegaardian existential dialectic or Stages on Life’s Way? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mediation, duty to a universal principle, and the tragic hero are found in which part of the Kierkegaardian dialectic or Stages on Life’s Way? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term Kierkegaard uses for anxiety or dread? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Concept of Anxiety Kierkegaard writes of the dread or anxiety that is awakened in Adam, Eve, or the innocent child when a prohibition is given like “don’t touch that” or “don’t eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil.” Kierkegaard says this awakes a certain dreadful possibility in us, the possibility of |
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Definition
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Term
| Nietzsche's Idea of the "Will to Power" is best described by which of the following? |
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Definition
| Creation of new meanings that are life enriching. |
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Term
| Nietzsche's idea of the "Death of God" is best illustrated by which of the following statements? |
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Definition
| All notions of an absolute truth that transcends time cannot be shown to be true. |
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Term
| Nietzsche's contention that moral rules and the categories of reason ". . . perhaps . . . represent nothing more than the expediency of a certain race and species--their utility alone is their "truth," makes them and example of which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
| The leveling of everything into a pure, meaningless, relativism is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Priestly or Slave morality is associated with which Nietzschean idea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Richard Strauss' famous music that is the them of the film 2001: A Space Odyssey refers to which of Nietzsche's books? |
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Definition
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Term
| For Nietzsche the "Death of God" meant also the end of the idea that one could get outside the world and see the totality of truth. Nietzsche's idea that we only see from out point of view is called |
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Definition
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Term
| In contrast with the priestly or slave morality of Christianity Nietzsche looked forward to a new kind of morality embodied in a creative individual like the French revolutionary Mirabeau who didn't have to forgive people because he never felt offended. This kind of person Nietzsche called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following Neitzschean ideas is the subject of his aphorism "The Greatest Weight"? |
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Definition
| The Eternal Return of the Same |
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Term
| The term that Heidegger uses for human consciousness. It means literally "there being." |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Heidegger what is it that constantly reminds me of my finitude even though I try to avoid ever thinking about it? |
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Definition
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Term
| For Heidegger we are the beings for whom being is a question. This means we wonder what is the meaning of our life, or our being. This attempt to create meaning Heidegger calls our |
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Definition
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Term
| For Heidegger this term means that we find ourselves in a situation that we did not choose. This is our |
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Definition
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Term
| Since we exist "in-the-world" we adopt the way of being of most of the others in our world. We tend to conform in most things to what others do. Heidegger calls this |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Sartre mean by the statement that "existence comes before essence?" |
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Definition
| Sartre believes that we are born with no nature or essence, we make ourselves through the choices we make in life. |
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Term
| According to Sartre belief in God is |
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Definition
| incompatible with human freedom. |
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Term
| What type of being “is what it is” and not “what it is not?” |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of being is Human being? It “is not what it is” and “is not what it is not?” |
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Definition
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Term
| God would be this type of being. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Sartre’s discussion of vertigo or the anguish and dizziness that we might feel before a cliff. What is it that prevents us from stepping of the edge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Sartre call our desire for completion, to be both changeless and complete yet conscious and changing? |
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Definition
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Term
| As a young man Sartre spent a year in Germany where he studied with Edmund Husserl. Husserl founded a type of philosophy which can be characterized as a description of appearances. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Sartre’s description of the seduction in Bad Faith the young woman views herself as pure ____ beyond her ____. |
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Definition
| spirit (transcendence), body (facticity) |
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Term
| Simone de Beauvoir thought ethical decisions are always tied to situations and try as we might to get absolute rules in ethics we are always left with |
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Definition
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Term
| Simone de Beauvoir likened ethical decisions to |
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Definition
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Term
| Lucy Irigaray thinks the most important task for feminism is |
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Definition
| to rediscover the female imaginary |
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Term
| A term used by both Irigaray and Levinas to indicate the "otherness of the Other" that the mirror of the Other should alter the view we get of ourselves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Simone de Beauvoir argued that "freedom is the highest value" and constructions that demand conformism implied the "outrage of dictatorship, or violence." She must constantly seek liberation thus "____ alone is pure." |
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Definition
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Term
Any theory which attempts to "justify the ways of God to man," to show that it is not irrational to believe that God is both just and omnipotent even in view of the vast evils which beset the world.
Answer
a. Theodicy
b. Theology
c. Metaphysics
d. Ontology
e. Ethics |
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Definition
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Term
In his article “Religion for Adults” Emmanuel Levinas argued against theories of transcendence that see the sacred as a reality underlying appearances. Levinas thought the experience of “the Sacred” as something we experience led to forms of idolatry like the Nazi’s at the Nuremberg rallies where we end up killing those who are not “like us.” Levinas thought we encounter transcendence or the “Holy” in
Answer
a. The Sublime
b. Being
c. Enthusiasm
d. Religious Experience
e. Other People |
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Definition
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Term
| Emmanuel Levinas believed that the problem of evil could be solved through ontology. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
According to Levinas which of the following is closest to "The Holy?"
Answer
a. The Sacred
b. Theology
c. The Absolute
d. Being
e. Ethics |
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Definition
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Term
Someone who believes that there are at least some incidences of suffering and evil which serve no “greater purpose” believes in the existence of
Answer
a. God
b. The Devil
c. Dsyteleological Surds
d. Prima Facie Evil
e. Theocracy |
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Definition
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Term
If, according to St. Augustine’s Aesthetic Defence, God is perfect and all of his creation are the best possible why is there evil?
Answer
a. Because Satan and evil are co-eternal with God and Good.
b. Because of an evil deceiver who co-exists with God.
c. From God's perspective there is really no evil since even evil works for the greater purpose.
d. God is all powerful but is not all good.
e. Evil comes from the residual chaos that existed before God organized the universe. |
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Definition
| From God's perspective there is really no evil since even evil works for the great purpose |
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Term
Which of the following does Levinas associate with infinity?
a. Space
b. The Universe
c. Being
d. The Other
e. c and d |
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Definition
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Term
Levinas thinks that we must risk if we are to find “the Holy.”
Answer
a. The Sacred
b. Consumerism
c. Atheism
d. Faith
e. Loss of our freedom |
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Definition
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Term
For Levinas and Irigaray this term means something like “irreducible otherness.
a. Ideatum
b. Alterity
c. Totality
d. Theodicy
e. Ontology |
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Definition
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Term
Levinas’ teacher during his time in Germany who wrote Being and Time and then became, for a time, a member of the Nazi party. Levinas thought is in some ways a reaction against him.
a. Husserl
b. Sartre
c. Nietzsche
d. Cassier
e. Heidegger |
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Definition
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