Applied force and resistance are located on opposite sides

ex (touching chin to neck. spine=fulcrum, chin=applied force, neck muscles=resistance)

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The applied force and the resistance are on the same side of the axis

(plantar flextion)

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When the applied force and the resistance are on the same side of the axis but the applied force is closer to the axis

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Scalar: just the magnitude (number)

Vectore: magnitude + direction 

Linear: Requires a force which all parts of the body move in the same direction at the same time,caused by forces which act through a bodies center of mass

Angular: The body moves along a circular path through the same direction at the same time, Caused by forces that do not act through the bodies center of mass.

Static equilibrium: increase base of support, imcrease intertia of the body, decrease vertical distance between center of mass and base of support

Dynamic equilibrium: Enlarge body base of support in direction of external horizontal forces, adopt a starting position in which the center of pressure is close to the edge of the base of support wherever a quick acceleration is important

Inertia: an object will not change its state of motion unless acted upon by a net external force

2) acceleration f=ma

3) action/reaction fnet=0

Chronological: age measured in days,months,years

skeletal: age by bone date

developmental: age is expressed by ability to preform tasks

Cephalocaudal: "head to tail", posture lift head-->lift chest/stomach

Proximal distal: learning to move (roll over--> crawl)

Endomorphs: more fatty tissure, thick body parts

mesomorph: mature early, stocky/heavily muscled/broader bodies

Ectomorph: late to reach maturity, thinner body, narrow hips,longer arms/legs

Sensorimotor

-demonstrates intelligence by means of motor activity w/o symbols

-knowledge based purly off immediate experience

-ability to use memory to recall objects

Pre-operational

-intellegince through use of symbols

-considerable language development

-significant growth in memory+imagination

Concrete operational

-logical thinking

-empathy develops

-solve problems ligically

-use emmory to recall objects/events

Formal operational

-solve increasingly complicated problems w/ logiv

-return to egocentric thinking

-think about societal issues+own identity and appearance

Cognitive: come to basic understanding of a task; learner commits large errers and needs specific instruction on how to improve

Associative stage: learner begins to refin/develop awareness of mistakes + effort becomes more consistent

Autonomous stage: skill becomes automatic, not much time spent thinking about fundementals, aware of mistakes and how to correct them

Glandular/Hormonal activity

-hormones affect metabolism

-glands can suffer from disease

Heredity

-difficult to predict many areas of genetically inherited growth

nutrition/diet

-inadequet/unbalanced diet can lead to physical development issues

physical activity

-Lack of activity harmful, excessive also bad

-balance is key

sociocultural factors

-can be difficult to assess

-depends on opprotunity/values

Be able to expound

-Inherited ability

-stimulus at an early age

-practice

-feedback

-Expert instruction

-et...

Internal: you can tell if you hit a ball or missed a basket -outome

External: coach telling you what was right/wrong

Internal: you know that as soon as you release, a shot will  or wont go in

External: You don't understand why your preformance is wrong so you ask for correction from coach

Feedback

Summary

-generates movement consistency

-avoids overlearning learner

ex) newplayer give feedback every 3 shots, pro every 10

Bandwidth:

-eventually faded feedback occurs

-lack of feedback=positive reinforcement

-movement consistency develops, learner not encouraged to change movement each trial

Faded:

-teacher can tailor feedback to respect individual differences

Open: preformed in an unpredictable environment, requores participants to adopt their movements to changing nature of environment,environmental conditions are in motion

Closed: Predictable environment, permits participants to plan movement in advnace, environmental conditions are stationary

Arousal vs. anxiety

Arousal: Being "psyched up" athlete feels ready physically

Anxiety: general sense of uncertanty, muscular tenstion "butterflies"

Meditation:

Imagery:"seing is believing" if athlete see's themself in successful situation, they will be sucessful.Recall past experiences of triumphs. script their own story

Hypnosis: state of intense concentration. body blocks out all external unnecessary stimuli. willingness of an athlete to respond to suggestions. 3 stages: induction(relaxation), hypnotic(capable of carrying out suggestion) and wake phase(suggestion given). 

Mescle relaxation:

Self talk:"getting psyched up" sometimes self talk is negative, "competition is more talented that me". psychologists ceate scripts to potray positive self talk

National coaching certification program

-five levels

1-3: geared towards coaching community, regional and provincial sports levels

focus on 3 aspects: Theory, technical, practical

Autocratic:

-coaches way only

-Coaches game plan

-business like

-may use lots of technology

-little input from players

-disciplined

Democratic:

-take input from other players

-listen to suggestions

-open to other ideas/strategies

(thanks moo)

Hostile

-intent is to cause harm

-goal is to cause suffering

-preformed outside rules of the game

Instrumental violence:

-intent is to cause harm

-goal is to gain external reward

-no anger involved

-preformed within rules of game

Assertive behaviour

-Confused w/ agression

-increased energy + effort xpenditure

-no anger involved

-may result in harm, not incidental to game

1)Athlete makes sacrifices for the game

2) Strive for distinction

3) accepts risks and plays through pain

4)an athlete accepts no limit in the pursuit of possibilities

ex) karrie strug

cheating: need for distinction, equipment tampering, ineligable equipment, drugs. 

-Parents/coaches: demonstrating interest through televised sporting events

Outcome of event: agression occurs after losing, low league standing teams demonstrate more ag 

Point spread: large point gap causes ag. nothing to lose winning out of reach

-Physical contact:result in more aggression, if player believes another is trying to cause harm, agression increses.

Fan Reaction: aggression occurs when team plays away from home, linked to fan reaction(unfriendly crown angers team)

american legislation passed in 1972

-prohibits discrimination of any kind

-allows woman and girls same sports + physical opprotunities as men

-Canadian chater of R+F sets similar laws

-Increased coverage in sport

-expanding health and fitness movement

-global womans rights movemnt

-political + equal rights movement

-increased opprotunities

1)society: gender roles of men and women

2) school: segregated class + activities(sewing class) and the athletic program (girls less teams, poor coaches)

3) mass media: advertisement continue to how women in passive roles(washing floor, child care) sports coverafe 5% compared to males

Female athlete triad

1) eating disorders

2) omenorhea

3) osteoperosis

Race:

Gender:

Homophobia:

Ageism:

Native:

-improve physical appearance

-prevent/treat injuries,illniesses or disease

-cope w/stress

-increase athletic potential

-bridge genetic gap

-increase muscle mass

-increase strength

-increase organ damage (liver/kidney)

increase chlesterol, blood pressure, agression

-Decrease body fat

erythropoiten

-increase level of hemoglobin (more o2 to tissues)

-higher red cell count, causes heart to pump harder

-increase risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure

-discuss issues in cycling.