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exercise physiology exam 2
Cell signaling, hormones, immune system, control of movement, skeletal muscle
15
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
10/07/2014

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Term
Neuroendocrine system
Definition
Endocrine system releases hormones
Nervous system uses neurotransmitters
Term
Hormones
Classes
Definition
Alter the activity of tissues that they can bind to.
Classes: Amino acid derivatives, Peptides/proteins, Steroids
Term
The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by...
Definition

Plasma concentration and Number of receptors

which is determined by

     Rate of secretion (depends on magnitude of input, either stimulatory or inhibitory)

     Rate of metabolism

     Quantity of transport protein

     Changes in plasma volume

Term

Hormone-Receptor interactions

Magnitude of effect dependent on...

Definition

Hormones only affect tissue with certain receptor.

Magnitude depends on

     Concentration of hormone

     # of receptors on cell (downregulation, upregulation)

     Affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Term

Downregulation

Upregulation

Definition

Downregulation: Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone.

Upregulation: Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone.

Term
What happens when a hormone interacts with its specific receptor
Definition

Alters membrane transport: example insulin helps glucose enter cell

Alters activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis: steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, slow acting, longer lasting effects than those generated by 2nd messengers.

Activates second messengers via G protein: Allows Ca++ to enter

Term
Hormones are secreted from what glands
Definition

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Testes and ovaries

Term
Hypothalamus ->Pituitary hormones
Definition

Controls pituitary secretions

Anterior pituitary: 

     Adrenocorticotropic hormone

     Luteinizing hormone

     Thyroid-stimulating hormone

     Human Growth hormone

Posterior pituitary:

     Antidiuretic hormone

Term
Human Growth Hormone
Definition

Stimulates release of insulin like growth factors (IGF)

     IGF 1 responsible for muscle growth

Essential growth of all tissues

     Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

Spares plasma glucose

     Reduces use of plasma glucose

     Increases gluconeogenesis

     Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition

Reduces water loss

Release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume

     Due to sweat loss w/o water replacement

Increases during exercise >60% VO2max

Term
calcitonin
Definition
blocks release of calcium from bone
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
stimulates calcium release from bone
Term
norepinephrine and epinephrine
Definition
from adrenal medulla
fight or flight
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
mineralcorticoids: aldosterone
glucocorticoids: cortisol
sex steroids: androgens and estrogens
Term
aldosterone
Definition
Na+ reasborption, k+ secretions
Regulation of blood volume and BP
Stimulated by increase K+ concentrations. Decreased
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