Term
describe the following components of EPOC.
what is occurring in the body?
rapid curve?
slow curve? |
|
Definition
rapid:
-steep decline in oxygen consumption
-replenish ATP, PCr, and O2 stores |
|
|
Term
| describe the five criteria that indicate a valid VO2 max test result. |
|
Definition
1) plateau in O2 consumption
2) the attainment of a RER reading of 1-1.5 or greater
3) the attainment of age-predicted max HR
4) the exhaustion of the subject
5) blood lactate 8mmol/L or greater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
-stored for rapidly available energy,
-glucose can be stored as glycogen
-excess carbs are stored as fat
-high carb diet enhances glycogen synthesis
-1g = 4kcal |
|
|
Term
| what enzymes are used during the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
Citrate synthase
aconitase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglumerate synthase
succinyl-CoA synthetase
succinate dehydrogenase
fumarase
malate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
what is oxygen deficit?
what does it mean?
for a trained person? |
|
Definition
the lag in O2 consumption at the onset of exercise
the difference between the total oxygen actually consumed during exercise and the total O2 consumption in the steady rate from start of exercise
borroww O2 that is stored at rest
the more O2 borrows at the onset of exercise means more lactate produced and a slower recovery
a trained subject will reach a steady state quicker meaning the O2 deficit will be less meaning less lactate and shorter recovery |
|
|
Term
what is Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption?
whats is an alternate name fro EPOC? |
|
Definition
O2 consumption does not decrease and return to resting levels immediately after exercise, the extra O2 consumed after exercise is called EPOC
aka oxygen debt |
|
|
Term
what are rate limiting enzymes?
what substances modify their activity? |
|
Definition
regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway
ATP concentration modifies activity
-higher will inhibit production
-lower will stimulate production |
|
|
Term
| outline the interaction between aerobic and anaerobic ATP production. |
|
Definition
energy to perform exercise comes from both
dependent on duration and intensity
-short term, high intensity = anaerobic systems
-long term, low to moderate intensity = aerobic systems |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take someone to recover? |
|
Definition
3 min for VO2 to return to resting
5 min to reach resting oxygen uptake |
|
|
Term
| how does the lactic acid production affect exercise performance? |
|
Definition
increase pH in the muscle cell causing reactions to occur slower
the more lactic acid and athlete can produce the greater the power output the athlete can generate
-fast twitch muscle uses fast glycolysis
contributes to muscle fatigue |
|
|
Term
| one turn of the Krebs cycle makes what? |
|
Definition
1 NADH
1 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH
2 CO2
1 ATP (from GTP) |
|
|
Term
what is the lactase threshold?
what other terms are used interchangeably with lactate threshold? |
|
Definition
the point at which the blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise
-appears 50-60% VO2 in untrained subjects
-at higher work rates (65-80%) in trained subjects
-generate more CO2
aka
-anaerobic threshold
-onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) |
|
|
Term
| how does the body respond during steady state prolonged exercise compared to prolonged exercise in hot or humid environments? |
|
Definition
steady state:
-ATP production primarily from aerobic systems
-steady state O2 uptake can generally be maintained during sub maximal exercise
hot or humid:
-upward drift of O2 uptake over time
-due to body temp and rising epinephrine and norepinephrine
-increasing body temp = increasing energy metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between lactate and lactic acid? |
|
Definition
| lactate is the conjugate base of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| what four factors explain the lactic acid threshold? |
|
Definition
1) low muscle O2 (hypoxia) - more fast glycolysis
2) accelerated glycolysis
-NADH produced faster than shuttled to mitochondria
-excess NADH turns pyretic acid into lactic acid
3) recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers
-LDH isozyme in fast twitch fibers promote lactic acid
-more LDH isozyme m4 = more lactic acid
4)reduced rate of lactate removal from blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made of amino acids
-9 essential amino acids
not a major contributor to energy
main focus to repair tissue
1g = 4kcal |
|
|
Term
what is the metabolic equivalent or MET?
how does 1 MET correspond to VO2? |
|
Definition
the expression of energy cost for activities in a simple unit
1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min (relative VO2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to compete the oxidation of carbs, lipids, and proteins
uses NAD & FAD at H+ carriers
-useful in the ETC to make ATP
no O2 needed
need acetyl-CoA to begin cycle |
|
|
Term
| what are four rate limiting enzymes? |
|
Definition
Creatine Kinase
Phosphofructokinase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Cytochrome oxidase |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect lactic acid appearance? |
|
Definition
production and release
recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers
LDH isoform
increase epinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Noble Peace Prize
function in capillary circulation
exercise increases capillaries to increase gas exchange to increase O2 delivery (good for endurance athletes) |
|
|
Term
| describe the changes that occur in energy metabolism (ATP production) and O2 uptake when transitioning from rest to exercise. |
|
Definition
1-ATP production increases immediately (quicker if fit)
2-oxygen uptake increases rapidly
-reaches steady state in 1-4 min
-after steady state is reached ATP met through aerobic systems
3-initial ATP production met through anaerobic pathways (less if fit)
-ATP-PCr System
-Fast Glycolysis (less lactic acid if fit)
4-oxygen deficit
-delay in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise |
|
|
Term
define metabolsim
name two types and give examples |
|
Definition
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
anabolic
-GH stimulates the amino acid intake to make proteins
-GH increases muscle mass
catabolic
-GH decreases fat storage through lipolysis
-GH increases gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| discuss what happens to lactate during EPOC |
|
Definition
70% in oxidized
20% reconverted to glucose
slow curve concerned with blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| explain amino acid metabolism |
|
Definition
protein primarily used to build and repair tissue
small percent total energy production
2-3%
12-15% with max exhaustive exercise |
|
|
Term
| outline the electron transport chain (ETC) |
|
Definition
pumps H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane
energy released to form ATP as H+ diffuses back across the membrane
oxygen is the final election acceptor |
|
|
Term
| what causes the lag in oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise? |
|
Definition
| studies suggest that the lag is due to the slowness of oxidative phosphorylation to increase ATP production immediately |
|
|
Term
| how can the lactate threshold be utilized in exercise training programs? |
|
Definition
prediction of performance along with VO2
used to plan training programs as a marker of training intensity |
|
|
Term
at rest, most ATP is produced via which metabolic pathway?
how would you characterize blood lactate levels at rest? |
|
Definition
almost 100% from aerobic pathway
blood lactate less than 0.1 mmol/L |
|
|
Term
outline homeostasis
in response to exercise?
what happens if it is not restored? |
|
Definition
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
ie) changes in core temp with increased exercise intensity
could be from a disease - diabetes |
|
|
Term
| outline non-oxidative energy systems (Fast Glycolysis) |
|
Definition
does not require O2
energy from glucose breakdown makes 2 ATP and 2 lactic acid
2 phases
-energy investment (use 2 ATP to breakdown glucose)
-energy generation (net gain 2 ATP)
outcome = 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 lactic acid
lactic acid made due to the lack of O2
15 kcal/mol muscle mass
10-60s of exercise |
|
|
Term
what is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
what is a coupled reaction? |
|
Definition
endergonic = energy needs to be added
exergonic = energy is made
coupled reaction = an exergonic reaction drives and endergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
give and example of how exercise disrupts homeostasis
what systems initiate the response?
what type of feedback is involved?
what effector organs are used? |
|
Definition
Increase in Body Temp
1-exercise causes and increase in body temp
2-thermoreceptors detect a change in body temp
3-signal sent to the integrating center (brain)
4-brain sends a signal to for vasodilation and sweating beings
5-body temp is decreases
integumentary
negative
nervous, cardio, integumentary |
|
|
Term
| what is a biological control or feedback system? |
|
Definition
a series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value
sensors -> control center -> effectors |
|
|
Term
| how do we measure exercise energy metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define exercise physiology |
|
Definition
a branch of physiology that deals with the functioning of the body in response to exercise
depends on intensity, frequency, duration, type of exercise, diet, environmental factors, physiological status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physiological variables are constant but not necessarily normal
steady state can be disrupted if in a hot and humid environment |
|
|
Term
explain the endocrine system
major organs?
typical response to exercise? |
|
Definition
pituitary, thyroid, hormones, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovaries, intestinal glands, kidneys
increase hormone secretion
GH increase muscle mass
ADH thirst
Epinephrine increase lactic acid levels |
|
|
Term
| what happens to lactate produced by fast glycolysis? |
|
Definition
lactate exits the muscle cell via a transport mechanism
-takes lactic acid & H+ out of the cell
-RBCs take lactic acid to other cells
--nonworking muscle cells
---lactate oxidized here
70% of lactate is oxidized in slow twitch fibers |
|
|
Term
pyruvate must be converted to ___ before the Krebs cycle can begin.
this results in ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the "chopping" of fatty acid molecules into 2-carbon bits the create acetyl-CoA
ie) 10-carbon fatty acid = 5 acetyl-CoA = 5 turns of Krebs |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect lactic acid disappearance? |
|
Definition
uptake into nonworking cells
liver
blood flow |
|
|
Term
describe oxidation-reduction reactions
draw an example
oxidizing agent? reducing agent?
mnemonic device? |
|
Definition
when an atom or molecule loses and e- and another atom or molecule gains that e-
X-H2 -> X (reducing agent)
NAD -> NADH (oxidizing agent)
OIL RIG |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical relative VO2 at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
explain the circulatory system
major organs?
typical response to exercise? |
|
Definition
heart, blood, blood vessels
vasodilation/ vasoconstriction to increase or decrease BP to supply muscles with O2
regulate HR |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect the train gin protocol of an individual? |
|
Definition
intensity
duration
frequency
type of exercise
diet
physiological status
environmental circumstances |
|
|
Term
| what is the Harvard Step Test? |
|
Definition
| physical fitness test to estimate O2 consumption during exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids
fatty acids idea energy source for prolonged exercise
fatty acids main energy for muscles
phospholipids = insulation
steroids = cholesterol used to make sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| outlien immediate energy systems |
|
Definition
1- ATP Hydrolysis
ATP + H2O -> ADP + P + Energy
using stored ATP and water
2-PCr (Phosphocreatine)
PCr + ADP -> ATP
uses creatine kinase
5-6 times more energy than ATP
3-Myokinase
ADP + ADP -> ATP + AMP
needs myokinase |
|
|
Term
| during O2 deficit, where does the body get the oxygen fro aerobic ATP production while O2 uptake is increasing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much ATP can be formed from 1 molecule of NADH and FADH? |
|
Definition
NADH = 2.5 ATP
FADH = 1.5 ATP |
|
|
Term
define proteolysis
catabolic or anabolic? |
|
Definition
the breakdown of proteins
catabolic |
|
|
Term
| explain the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid |
|
Definition
uses lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
60s worth of work
the NADH used comes from glycolsis
occur continuously until exercise stops or muscle fatigue
greater concentration of LDH = greater concentration of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
where doe aerobic ATP production occur?
what two additional metabolic pathways are involved? |
|
Definition
mitochondria
Krebs Cycle
ETC |
|
|
Term
what is VO2 max?
describe how to conduct and VO2 max test
how does VO2 change during the test? |
|
Definition
the measure of O2 consumption
maximal rate of transport and use of O2
considered the most valid measure of cardiovascular fitness
a test requires the subject to use maximal effort in performing physical work to exhaustion of a bike or treadmill
1-keep increasing speed on treadmill until 80% max HR is reacher
2-being to increase incline 2% every minute until exhaustion
3- you must see VO2 plateau to reach max VO2 |
|
|
Term
how does O2 deficit differ between trained and untrained subjects?
what factors account for this? |
|
Definition
trained:
-reach steady state quicker
-less lactic acid accumulation
-shorter recovery
-better developed aerobic bioenergenic capacity
untrained:
-takes longer to reach steady state
-use more fast glycolysis = greater O2 deficit
-longer recovery
-more lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a biological study of the deals with the function of organisms and their parts |
|
|
Term
| one turn of the Krebs cycle makes what? |
|
Definition
1 NADH
1 CO2
3 NAHD
1 FADH
1 ATP
2 CO2 |
|
|
Term
| 1 molecule of glucose through slow glycolysis to the end of the Krebs cycle produces how many NADH? |
|
Definition
10
2-glycolysis
2-formation of acetyl-CoA
6-Krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
explain the respiratory system
major organs?
typical response to exercise? |
|
Definition
lungs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
increase breathing to increase O2 intake |
|
|
Term
| describe the steps involved in the protein synthesis |
|
Definition
Transcritption -mRNA goes into the nucleus and transcribes the DNA
the mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA and translate the mRNA to create a polypeptide chain or protein |
|
|
Term
consider the following La = rate of La appearance - rate of La disappearance
what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| the amount of La in the body |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between lactate and lactic acid? |
|
Definition
| lactate is the conjugate base of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| in terms of physiological response to exercise, distinguish between acute and chronic adaptations |
|
Definition
acute = the before and after affects of the day
chronic = over time over a training protocol the changes to the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Noble Prize
heat production during muscle contraction and recovery |
|
|
Term
explain the musculoskeletal system
major organs?
typical response to exercise? |
|
Definition
bones, muscle, ligaments, tendons, joints, catilage
work with the nervous system in muscle contraption (neuromuscular junction)
work with hormones to increase strength and muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| what is the resting lactate concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what substance can make acetyl-CoA? |
|
Definition
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical absolute VO2 for an individual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
define glycolysis
catabolic or anabolic? |
|
Definition
breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
catabolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Noble Prize
relationship between O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscles
as long as you exercise lactic acid increases and VO2 increases
during 50-55% max VO2 too much lactic acid (train to increase lactic acid threshold) |
|
|
Term
1 molecule of
(a) glucose
(b) glycogen
produces how many ATP, NADH, and lactic acid in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
a) 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 lactic acid
b) 3 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 lactic acid |
|
|
Term
what is the total amount of ATP formed from oxidative phosphorylation?
(a) glucose
(b) glycogen |
|
Definition
glycolysis:
2 ATP (3 with glycogen)
5 NADH (2.5*2 NADH molecules)
krebs cycle:
5 ATP (2.5*2 NADH from formation of acetyl-CoA
2 ATP (GTP)
15 ATP (2.5*6 NADH molecules)
3 ATP (1.5*2 FADH molecules)
a) total=32 ATP
b) total=33 ATP |
|
|
Term
what is an enzyme?
how can you recognize an enzyme?
how are they picky? |
|
Definition
a protein the speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
end in the suffix -ase
specifically shaped active site or a particular substrate |
|
|
Term
| what are the factors affecting enzymes? |
|
Definition
Temperature = a slight increase in temp, slightly above normal body temp will increase enzyme activity. too high will denature the enzyme
pH = optimal pH is 7.4 (blood)
lower or higher will slow down the enzyme or denature it |
|
|
Term
define glycogenolysis
catabolic or anabolic? |
|
Definition
the breakdown to glycogen to glucose
catabolic |
|
|
Term
| why is O2 essential for the aerobic production of ATP? |
|
Definition
is the last cytochrome were to remain in the reduced state, then it could not accept any more electrons and the ETC would stop.
O2 is the final electron acceptor and oxidizes the last cytochrome.
then binds to 2 H+ and becomes water |
|
|
Term
advantages and disadvantages of ATP-PCr System
can we enhance ATP-PCr storage? |
|
Definition
represents the most rapidly available source of ATP
does not depend on a long chain of chemical reactions
most limited amount of energy
yes through exercise training power exercise |
|
|
Term
what are the basic elements of a feedback system?
describe them |
|
Definition
| stimulus ->receptors ->control center ->effector ->response |
|
|
Term
define lipolysis
catabolic or anabolic? |
|
Definition
the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids
catabolic |
|
|
Term
is oxidative phosphorylation an efficient way toe derive energy?
can all the energy be utilized to from ATP? |
|
Definition
34% efficiency
66% lost as heat |
|
|
Term
| discuss absolute and relative VO2 |
|
Definition
absolute = the actual amount of O2 consumed
expressed at L/min
average 0.25 L/min
relative = relative to body weight
expressed as ml/kg/min
used during research to define fit and unfit
average 3.5 ml/kg/min |
|
|
Term
| how is lactic acid removed? |
|
Definition
70% oxidized in nonworking muscle fibers
20% converted to pyruvate and glucose via the Cori Cycle
10% converted to amino acids |
|
|
Term
what are coenzymes?
give an example
what type of organic compounds commonly function as coenzymes? |
|
Definition
activate enzymes
an enzyme is "close" and the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme.
a coenzyme attaches to the enzyme and "opens" it
the substrate and bind to the enzyme and a reaction can occur
vitamins (vitamin-B) |
|
|
Term
| describe the energy investment phase |
|
Definition
use 2 ATP to break down glucose
glucose > glucose-6-phosphate > fructose-6-phosphate > fructose-1, 6-biphosphate > 2 G3P |
|
|
Term
| how does energy metabolism (ATP production) change upon the attainment of a steady state? |
|
Definition
| almost all is made primarily by the aerobic energy system |
|
|
Term
what are the two types of feedback systems?
which is more commonly used? |
|
Definition
positive = response goes with the stimuli
negative = response reverses the stress
negative feedback is more commonly used |
|
|
Term
| give an example of negative feedback |
|
Definition
1- heart action increases BP
2- baroreceptors in the carotid arch relay to the brain BP has increased
3-brain signals the heart to contract more slowly and with less force
4-BP decreases |
|
|
Term
| give an example of positive feedback |
|
Definition
1-baby's head pushes on cervix
2-nerve impulses send signals to the brain
3- the brain stimulates the hypothalamus to tell the pituitary to release oxytocin
4-oxytocin is carried to the cervix
5-oxytocin causes contractions until the baby is released |
|
|
Term
| describe energy generation phase |
|
Definition
net gain of 2 ATP, and 2 NADH, 2 lactic acid
G3P > BPG > 3PG > PEP > lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| what two factors effect EPOC? |
|
Definition
lactate removal
elevated hormone levels |
|
|
Term
| why do trained individuals produce less lactic acid than untrained individuals? |
|
Definition
| better developed aerobic bioenergenic capacity due to cardiovascular or muscular adaptations |
|
|
Term
explain the nervous system
major organs?
typical response to exercise? |
|
Definition
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
work with the muscles to contract (neuromuscular junction) |
|
|
Term
write the equations for:
a) ATP synthesis
b) ATP breakdown
what type of reaction is b? |
|
Definition
a) ADP + P > ATP
b) ATP + H2O > ADP + P + Energy
b is ATP Hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| who was the first Harvard Fatigue Lab director? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two sources of CO2 during exercise? |
|
Definition
metabolism
H+ buffering system |
|
|
Term
| name and describe the three basic components of a cell |
|
Definition
cell membrane = (sarcolemma) distinguishes the inside from the outside of the cell
nucleus = the body in the center of the cell that houses the DNA
cytoplasm = (sarcoplasm) the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane that houses the organelles (mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
what does VO2 measure?
what are two ways in which VO2 is expressed/ |
|
Definition
the amount of oxygen the body consumes
the ability to deliver and use oxygen
absolute in L/min
relative in ml/kg/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process of making lactic acid into pyruvate
rids the body of 20% of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| the universal "energy currency" of life is ______? |
|
Definition
| adenine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
|
Term
| does creatine supplement improve exercise performance? |
|
Definition
studies show:
increase in PCr storage
not in weight baring sports (running or swimming) due to water retention and weight gain
supplement works well with resistance training |
|
|
