Term
| What controls chronic elevation of blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls short-term elevation in blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an electrocardiogram do? |
|
Definition
| records the electrical activity for each cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts in the an electrocardiogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the baseline of an electrocardiogram represent? |
|
Definition
isoelectric
impulse is unchanged |
|
|
Term
| what is happening when the P wave is ascending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is happening when the P wave is descending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the PQ segment? |
|
Definition
the atria are still depolarized and contracting
ventricular filling
the delay is a result of the remaining 30% filling |
|
|
Term
| T/F the PQ segment is not isoelectric. |
|
Definition
false
the PQ segment is isoelectric |
|
|
Term
| what happens during he QRS complex? |
|
Definition
| the ventricles depolarize and contract |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the ST segment? |
|
Definition
| the ventricles are still depolarized and contracting |
|
|
Term
| T/F the ST segment is isoelectric. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens during the T wave? |
|
Definition
| ventricles relax and repolarize |
|
|
Term
| what does one cardiac cycle consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is one cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Systole is longer than diastole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a depression of the ST segment mean? |
|
Definition
heart is damaged
blockage of the coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the pressure in the ventricles need to be in order to open the semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
above 80
reaching 120 is the norm |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of cardiac output? |
|
Definition
| the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for cardiac output (Q)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cardiac output dependent on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of beats per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood ejected in each beat |
|
|
Term
| do males or females have a lower cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can exercise training effect the cardiac output for rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can exercise training effect the cardiac output for exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal cardiac output for males and females at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you have lower HR and keep SV the same what happens? |
|
Definition
may not receive enough nutrients
tissue damage |
|
|
Term
how is HR regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
what does it inhibit? |
|
Definition
activates the muscarinic receptor via right vagus nerve
slows HR by inhibiting the SA and AV node |
|
|
Term
how is HR regulated by the sympathetic nervous system?
what does it stimulate? |
|
Definition
activates cardiac beta1 adrenergic receptors via cardiac accelerator nerves
increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node |
|
|
Term
| what causes the initial increase in HR at the onset of exercise? |
|
Definition
increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal
increase HR up to 100 bpms |
|
|
Term
| After the initial increase, what causes HR to increase? |
|
Definition
increased SNS stimulation
after 100 bpm |
|
|
Term
| what is the range of HR when the SA node is damaged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the range of HR when the SA and AV node is damaged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal range for HR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do beta-adrenergic blocking drugs (beta-blockers) do? |
|
Definition
compete with E and NE for beta adrenergic receptors in the heart
reduce the HR and contractility (lower the myocardial oxygen demand) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of patients are prescribed beta-blockers? |
|
Definition
| patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension |
|
|
Term
| T/F beta-blockers will lower HR during sub maximal and maximal exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How about drugs: alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitor, and angiotension2 receptor blockers, what is their role? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three variables regulate stroke volume? |
|
Definition
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
average aortic BP (mean arterial pressure)
strength of the ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the main improvement following exercise training? |
|
Definition
| improvement in stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| what is the end-diastolic volume (EDV)? |
|
Definition
| volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole before they begin to contract |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for EDV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this depends on how much blood returns to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F increase blood in left ventricle decreases stroke volume. |
|
Definition
fasle
increase blood in left ventricle INCREASES stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| what is another way to describe average aortic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F increase of aortic pressure = decrease in stroke volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the Frank-Starling mechanism (Law) of the heart? |
|
Definition
greater EDV mean
increase stretch of ventricles->
increase contractility->
increase ventricle contraction force->
increase volume ventricles pump->
increase stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary variable to influence EDV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F increase venous return->increase EDV->increase SV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the effectors of venous return? |
|
Definition
venoconstriction
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump |
|
|
Term
| does isometric exercise increase venous return? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F increase exercise intensity-> increase venous return |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what type of exercise increases venous return?
how? |
|
Definition
concentric
muscle shortens, muscle squeezes vein->pushes blood the the heart |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the respiratory pump effects venous return. |
|
Definition
| during inspiration, an decrease in chest pressure and an increase in pressure in the abdomen causes an increase in venous blood from the abdominal region into the chest |
|
|
Term
| how does average aortic pressure regulate stroke volume? |
|
Definition
| increase in mean arterial pressure will decrease the stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| blood flows from ___ pressure to ___ pressure? |
|
Definition
| higher pressure to lower pressure |
|
|
Term
what does the mean arterial pressure act as to the ejection of blood?
why? |
|
Definition
a barrier
because ventricular pressure needs to be greater than mean arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
| If there is a 40 pressure difference and a 60 pressure difference, which has greater stroke volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F greater pressure difference = greater stroke volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does strength of ventricular contraction regulate stroke volume? |
|
Definition
enhance circulating plasma E and NE
direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart |
|
|
Term
| explain how strength of ventricular contraction effects the circulating plasma E and NE. |
|
Definition
increase plasma E and NE->
increase Ca+ to the cardiac muscle fibers->
ventricles contract more forcefully->
ventricles pump more blood->
increase stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| explain how strength of ventricular contraction effects the sympathetic stimulation of the heart. |
|
Definition
increase SA node pacing->
increase rate of contraction->
increase Ca+ to cardiac muscle fibers->
increase contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is the main cause of the increase in strength of ventricular contraction? |
|
Definition
| increase Ca+ to the cardiac muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does an increase in Ca+ to cardiac muscle tissue do? |
|
Definition
cause ventricles to contract more forcefully->
ventricles pump more blood->
increase stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| list all the factors the effect cardiac output. |
|
Definition
parasympathetic stimulation
sympathetic stimulation
contraction strength
EDV
mean arterial pressure
stretch |
|
|
Term
| where is BP higher, artery or vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is blood flow directly proportional to? |
|
Definition
| the pressure difference between the aorta and the right artium |
|
|
Term
| what is blood flow inversely proportional to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formal for blood flow? |
|
Definition
| blood flow = change in pressure/resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is pressure proportional to? |
|
Definition
| the difference between MAP and right atrial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure in the right atrium at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does resistance depend on? |
|
Definition
length of vessel
viscosity of blood
radius of vessel |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for resistance? |
|
Definition
| resistance = length x viscosity/radius^4 |
|
|
Term
| what factor is resistance most sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if vessel A and vessel B have the same radius and vessel A has twice the length compared to vessel B, which will have higher resistance? |
|
Definition
| vessel A will have twice the resistance |
|
|
Term
| if the viscosity of the blood increases twice, how many folds does the resistance increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
| the resistance will increase twice |
|
|
Term
| if a 2-fold increase in radius, how many folds does the resistance increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are veins called capacitance vessels? |
|
Definition
| veins are thinner (less muscular wall) than arteries so they have a higher compliance |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is more expansion in arteries than veins in a given amount of pressure. |
|
Definition
false
there is more expansion in veins than arteries |
|
|
Term
| why are arterioles called resistance vessels? |
|
Definition
| cause a large drop in pressure |
|
|
Term
| do veins or arteries hold more blood? |
|
Definition
veins
60-70% of blood held in the veins |
|
|
Term
| although veins contain about 70% of the total blood volume, the mean venous pressure is only 2mmHg, why? |
|
Definition
high compliances, can be stretched more
a pressure drops between arteries and capillaries (thickness of arteries) |
|
|
Term
| how many times does oxygen demand increase during exercise compared to rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is resting oxygen consumption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an increase in oxygen consumption depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is an increase in oxygen delivery accomplished? |
|
Definition
increase cardiac output
redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are increase in cardiac output during exercise due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain HR increase during exercise. |
|
Definition
linear increase to max
max HR = 220 - age |
|
|
Term
| explain SV increase during exercise. |
|
Definition
increase, then plateau at about 40% max VO2
no increase in highly trained subjects |
|
|
Term
| T/F increase in execs intensity = increase linearly in cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do you see a plateau in cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F increase in intensity HR and SV increase linearly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the Fick principle state? |
|
Definition
In steady state, CO of the left and right ventricles is EQUAL.
In steady state, the rate of O2 consumption must equal the amount of O2 leaving the lungs in the pulmonary vein, minus the amount of O2 returning to the lungs in the pulmonary artery.
Amount of O2 in the pulmonary vein = pulmonary blood flow times O2 content in pulmonary venous blood
Amount of O2 in the pulmonary = pulmonary blood flow times O2 content in the pulmonary arterial blood |
|
|
Term
| T/F the Fick principle states that in steady state, cardiac output in the left and right ventricles is not equal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F rate of O2 consumption = O2 leaving the lungs - O2 returning to the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the amount of O2 in the pulmonary vein equal? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary blood flow (CO of left ventricle) times O2 content in pulmonary venous blood |
|
|
Term
| what does the amount of O2 in the pulmonary artery equal? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary blood flow (CO of right ventricle) times O2 content in pulmonary aerial blood |
|
|
Term
| what is the Fick equation? |
|
Definition
| O2 consumption = Cardiac output x [(O2 in pulmonary vein) - (O2 in pulmonary artery)] |
|
|
Term
| A man has a resting O2 consumption of 250 mL O2/min, a femoral arterial O2 content of 0.20 mL O2/mL and a pulmonary aerial O2 content of 0.15 mL O2/mL of blood. What is his cardiac output? |
|
Definition
move equation around
cardiac output = O2 consumption/ O2 vein - O2 artery
5000mL/min
5L/min |
|
|
Term
| what is the main improvement in oxygen consumption? |
|
Definition
| increase in cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| how does redistribution of blood flow work to help oxygen delivery? |
|
Definition
increase blood flow to working skeletal muscle
decrease blood flow to less active organs |
|
|
Term
| what percent of blood is goes to the muscle at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of blood goes to the muscles during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of blood goes to non-working tissue during rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average resting cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three ways to regulate blood flow during exercise? |
|
Definition
Extrinsic Regulation
Paracrine Regulation
Intrinsic Regulation (autoregulation) |
|
|
Term
| T/F during intense exercise, there is an increase in H+, lactate, and CO2. This will cause the vessel to automatically dilate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does extrinsic regulation of blood flow during exercise work? |
|
Definition
| uses the SNS and endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| explain extrinsic regulation using the endocrine system. |
|
Definition
During intense exercise
increase in angiotensin2->
stimulate vascular smooth muscle in the GI tract and produce vasoconstriction->
increase resistance in the vessels of the GI tract->
decrease blood flow in GI tract vessels->
increase blood flow to skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| explain extrinsic regulation using the SNS. |
|
Definition
A)during intense exercise
increase SNS vasoconstriction to visceral organs and inactive tissue->
increase resistance->
decrease blood flow->
increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
B) withdrawal of sympathetic vasoconstriction to skeletal muscles
during intense exercise
decrease resistance->
increase blood flow to skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the paracrine regulation of blood flow during exercise work? |
|
Definition
molecules produced by one tissue that help to regulate another tissue of the same organ.
NO is released from the endothelial cells of the vascular wall, cause an increase in vasodilation, which increase blood flow to skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| how does intrinsic regulation of blood flow during exercise work? |
|
Definition
local regulation
autoregulation
concentrations of O2, CO2, pH value, and release of K+ increase vasodilation and increase oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| T/F decrease O2 concentration, increase Co2, decrease pH levels, and the release go K+ all result in vasoconstriction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F a high level of potassium in the intracellular fluid is normal. |
|
Definition
false
results in muscle fatigue |
|
|
Term
| changes in HR and BP depend on? |
|
Definition
type, intensity, and duration of exercise
environmental conditions
emotional influence |
|
|
Term
| T/F firefighters suffer from chronic stress which causes a lower life expectancy and high obesity rates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at the onset of exercise? |
|
Definition
rapid increase in HR, SV and cardiac output
plateau in submaximal exercise |
|
|
Term
| what happens during recovery? |
|
Definition
| decrease in HR, SV and cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| what does recovery depend on? |
|
Definition
duration and intensity
training state of individual |
|
|
Term
| during incremental exercise when does the SV plateau? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what happens to the heart rate and cardiac output during incremental exercise?
when does it plateau? |
|
Definition
increases linearly with increase work rate
reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max |
|
|
Term
what happens to BP during incremental exercise?
systolic?
diastolic? |
|
Definition
mean arterial BP increases linearly
systolic increases
diastolic remains about the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indicates the work of the heart
increases linearly with exercise intensity |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for double product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does double product use systolic and not diastolic BP? |
|
Definition
| diastolic does not change |
|
|
Term
| How would you expect the double product to change with exercise training? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does upper body or lower body exercise have a higher HR and BP?
why? |
|
Definition
upper body
a greater sympathetic outflow to the heart
less arm muscles involved in exercise->less number of arterioles to be dilated-> high resistance->higher pressure |
|
|
Term
| during prolonged exercise is cardiac output maintained? |
|
Definition
| yes due to constant exercise intensity |
|
|
Term
| does dehydration effect SV? |
|
Definition
yes decreases
reduced plasma volume-> decrease blood volume-> decrease venous return-> decrease stroke volume |
|
|
Term
what is cardiovascular drift?
give and example. |
|
Definition
when cardiac output maintains but stroke volume and HR change.
decrease SV and increase HR |
|
|
