Term
| T/F as exercise increases muscular demand for oxygen increases by 15-25 times. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise? |
|
Definition
increase cardiac output
redistribution of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| in the redistribution of blood flow where does the blood move from? |
|
Definition
| from non-working muscle to working muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the purposes of cardiac output? |
|
Definition
transport oxygen to tissues and removal of waste
transport of nutrients to tissues
regulation of body temperature |
|
|
Term
| blood enters to heart from the body through the |
|
Definition
| inferior and superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| blood from the inferior and superior vena cava enters the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood from the right atrium has to pass though what valve to go into the right ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from the right ventricle where and how does the blood travel? |
|
Definition
| to the lungs via the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| when the blood travels back to the heart in the pulmonary vein it goes where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the space separating the two ventricles is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the circulation of blood through the heart |
|
Definition
superior/inferior vena cava->
right atrium->
tricuspid valve->
right ventricle->
pulmonary artery->
pulmonary semilunar valve->
pulmonary artery->
lungs->
pulmonary vein->
left atrium->
bicuspid valve->
left ventricle->
aortic semilunar valve->
aorta->
body |
|
|
Term
| what are the two semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the blood in the left atrium and ventricle come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two AV valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries deoxygenated blood |
|
Definition
false
only vein that carries oxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
| what are the vessels on the outside of the heart? |
|
Definition
left and right coronary artery and vein
(depends on the side of the heart and color) |
|
|
Term
| what are the structures of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
veins
venules |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the heart? |
|
Definition
| create pressure to pump blood |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the arteries and arterioles? |
|
Definition
| carry blood away from the heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of capillaries? |
|
Definition
| exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of veins and venules? |
|
Definition
| carry blood toward the heart |
|
|
Term
| what side of the heart is the systemic circuit? |
|
Definition
| the left side of the heart |
|
|
Term
| what does the systemic circuit do? |
|
Definition
pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries
returns deoxygenated blood to the right heart via veins |
|
|
Term
| what side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
| the right side of the heart |
|
|
Term
| what does the pulmonary circuit do? |
|
Definition
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| what are the three layers of the heart wall from inner to outer? |
|
Definition
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium |
|
|
Term
| T/F blockage of the coronary artery or vein is ok. |
|
Definition
false
blockage results in heart attack |
|
|
Term
| what is the benefit of exercise for someone with heart disease? |
|
Definition
increase endurance
reduce LDL levels
increase cardiac output
increase VO2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of the myocardium? |
|
Definition
| receives blood supply via coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is a low demand for oxygen and nutrients in the myocardium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the myocardial infarction (MI)?
results?
prevention? |
|
Definition
aka heart attack
blockage of the coronary blood flow
results in cardiac muscle damage
exercise training protects against heart damage during MI |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the heart? |
|
Definition
| create pressure to pump blood |
|
|
Term
| how can regular exercise be cardioprotective? |
|
Definition
reduce incidence of heart attacks
improves survival from heart attacks |
|
|
Term
| explain how exercise reduces the myocardial damage from heart attacks. (hint 2 ways) |
|
Definition
1: improvements in heart's antioxidant capacity
2: improved function of ATP-sentitive potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| T/F high concentration of free radicals is ok for veins and arteries. |
|
Definition
false
dangerous for veins and arteries |
|
|
Term
| where is Ca stored in cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
the sacroplasmic reticulum
extra cellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| is cardiac muscle striated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
does cardiac muscle have actin and myosin?
what about cross bridges? |
|
Definition
yes
there is an increase in cross bridges |
|
|
Term
| what nutrient is required for contraction of cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle use contract via the sliding filament theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are heart muscle fibers connected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain what a functional syncytium is. |
|
Definition
| when all the muscle fibers contract at the same time |
|
|
Term
| T/F cardiac muscles are longer than skeletal muscles |
|
Definition
fasle
cardiac muscles are shorter than skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| T/F there are two muscle fiber types in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
false
all fibers are similar to type one (slow) fibers in cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| T/F the type one fiber in skeletal muscle is the exact same in cardiac muscle. |
|
Definition
false
although they are similar there is more mitochondria in cardiac muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| are cardiac cells mono- or multi- nucleated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the intercalated disc do? |
|
Definition
| help transmit electrical impulses |
|
|
Term
what happens to the ventricles as the atria contract?
atria relax? |
|
Definition
ventricles relax
ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
| do both the left and right sides of the heart work at the same time? |
|
Definition
yes
left and right atria contract and relax at the same time |
|
|
Term
| explain the regeneration potential of cardiac muscle tissue |
|
Definition
none
there are no satellite cells in cardiac muscle, which means it cannot be regenerated if damage occurs |
|
|
Term
| explain excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle (sequences) |
|
Definition
excitation->
Ca channels in t-tubules open->
Ca flows into the cytoplasm->
Ca binds to receptors on the the outside of the SR->
open Ca channels->
flow of Ca in to cytosol->
increase Ca in cytosol->
contraction |
|
|
Term
| 1 systolic + 1 diastolic = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of the cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
| the repeated pattern of concentration and relaxation of the heart (usually refers to ventricles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contraction phase
ejection of blood |
|
|
Term
| how much blood is ejected from the heart during systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relaxation phase
filling with blood |
|
|
Term
| T/F at rest systole is longer than diastole. |
|
Definition
false
diastole is longer than systole |
|
|
Term
| how does exercise effect the length of time for diastole and systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is one cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at rest how is the 0.8 seconds broken into systole and diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during exercise how is the 0.8 seconds broken into systole and diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during exercise does the cardiac cycle become shorter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is pressure in the ventricles low or high during diastole? |
|
Definition
| low because the AV valves are open to allow the ventricles to fill with blood |
|
|
Term
| T/F AV valves open when ventricular pressure greater than atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to pressure in the ventricles during systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first heart sound? |
|
Definition
| closing of the AV valves when the ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
| what is the second heart sound? |
|
Definition
| closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves when the ventricles relax |
|
|
Term
| how many phases is diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the first stage of diastole. |
|
Definition
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
atrium and ventricle relaxed
AV and semilunar valves are closed |
|
|
Term
| explain the second stage of diastole, |
|
Definition
part of ventricular filling
atrium and ventricle relaxed
AV valve is open
semilunar valves are closed |
|
|
Term
| explain the third stage of diastole. |
|
Definition
part of ventricular filling
atrial contraction
atrium contracts
ventricle relaxed
AV valve open
semilunar valves closed |
|
|
Term
| what percent of blood is pumped into the ventricle in the second stage of diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of blood is pumped into the ventricle in the third stage of diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the blood remain in the same ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the AV valve to open in the second stage of diastole? |
|
Definition
| the pressure different between the atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
| when the blood returns to the atria does pressure increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much blood is in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the first stage of systole. |
|
Definition
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
blood volume is 120mL
all valves closed
atria relax
ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
| explain the second stage of systole. |
|
Definition
ventricular ejection
atrium relaxed
ventricle contracts
semilunar valves are open
AV valves closed
2/3 blood pumped out |
|
|
