Term
| If you have a myocardial infarction, which enzyme would be found in the blood? |
|
Definition
| lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or added to a double bond |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| catalyze bond formation between substrate molecules |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| converts lactate into pyruvic acid to continue exercise |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme hexokinase do? |
|
Definition
| break up energy to bring glucose to a useable form |
|
|
Term
| What is the optimal body temperature for best enzymatic activity? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the storage form of glycose in the liver and muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are fatty acids composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not an energy fat source but increases sex hormones and increases with sprinting and lifting |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glucose produce from noncarbohydrates (amino acids, glycerol) in the liver |
|
|
Term
| How much of protein do we use as an energy source? |
|
Definition
| 2-5%; not the primary source |
|
|
Term
| What are three ways ATP is formed? |
|
Definition
| phosphocreating, breakdown of glycogen and glucose, oxidative formation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| degredation of glucose and glycogen to 2 pyruvic or lactic acid |
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Term
| In the process of glycolysis, what is the second stage and what does it produce? |
|
Definition
| Energy generation phase; 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Lactic/pyruvate acid |
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|
Term
| How is NADH converted back to NAD? |
|
Definition
| pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid and the H+ is shuttled into the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
| to oxidize proteins, fats, and carbs using FAD/NAD as H+ energy carriers |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic 3 step process of aerobic ATP production? |
|
Definition
1. generation of 2-C molecule Acetyl CoA
2. oxidation of Acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle
3. oxidative phosphorlation in the e- transport chain |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate (3-C) is converted to Acetyl CoA (2-C) + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd step in the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA (2-C) combines with Oxaloacetate (4-C) to form Citrate (6-C) |
|
|
Term
| What are the ending processes of the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| after citrate, reactions regenerate Oxaloacetate and 2 CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is GTP? Where is it produced? |
|
Definition
| in the Krebs cycle, GTP is a high energy compund and transfers Pi group to ADP to make ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty acids --> Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| How do fats undergo aerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Triglycerides --> Fatty acids + glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the e- Transport Chain? |
|
Definition
| e- removed from NADH and FADH are transported down the cytochrome chain to produce ATP |
|
|
Term
| How many H+ are needed to produce 1 ATP and to move it across mito membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overall efficiency of aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| 34%; the rest is released by heat |
|
|
Term
| What is an allosteric enzyme? |
|
Definition
| RLE that requires modulators |
|
|
Term
| How does a rate limiting enzyme control the speeds of reactions? |
|
Definition
| they are found at the beginning of metabolic pathway to avoid accumulation and they are controlled by modulators |
|
|
Term
| What are the inhibitors of the RLE for the glycolysis pathway? |
|
Definition
high levels of ATP
citrate
low pH |
|
|
Term
| What is the RLE for the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates the RLE that regulates the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the RLE of the e- Transport Chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the RLE for the e- transport chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the tree major components of the cell structure? |
|
Definition
cell membrane
nucleus
mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'energy of activation'? |
|
Definition
| energy required to initiate chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? |
|
Definition
| sarcoplasm of the muscle cell |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Krebs cycle and oxidation phosphorlation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is ATP the "universal donor"? |
|
Definition
| since all cells require energy, ATP couples energy released from food stuffs |
|
|
Term
| What role does NAD play in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
NAD accepts the H+
NADH shuttles its H+ into the mitochondria for ATP production
Lactic Acid recycles NAD |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FAD and NAD in e- Transport Chain? |
|
Definition
| e- from NADH are transferred down the e- chain giving enough energy to produce ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of O2 in aerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
| in the last steps of the ETC, O2 accepts 2 e- from NADH or FADH which water forms |
|
|
Term
| What happens to pyruvic acid when there is no O2 available in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| its converted back to lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| What does the chemiosmotic hypothesis describe? |
|
Definition
1. how ATP is produces anaerobically
2.how ATP is formed via H+ diffusion
3. how H+ are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the important regulatory enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism? |
|
Definition
phosphofructokinase
phosphorylase |
|
|
Term
| Where do the majority of e- come from in the ETC? |
|
Definition
| NADH and FADH in the Krebs Cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is the value of a micro? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Joules in 1 kilocalorie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measurement of work output |
|
|
Term
| When is quantifiable work performed on a treadmill? |
|
Definition
| walking or running on a slope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equation for O2 requirement for treadmill walking |
|
Definition
| 0.1 mL/kg/min x speed + 3.5 mL/kg/min |
|
|
Term
| What three components compromise O2 requirement for cycling? |
|
Definition
1. Resting VO2
2. VO2 for unloading cycling
3. VO2 against load |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % Net Efficiency= (work output ÷ energy expenditure above rest) x 100 |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that influence exercise efficiency? |
|
Definition
exercise work rate
speed of movement
muscle fiber type |
|
|
Term
| Why is the SI system of quantifying units used? |
|
Definition
ensures standardization
makes comparison of data easier
endorsed by most journals |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in efficiency between muscle fibers due to? |
|
Definition
| different requirements in ATP per unit of work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers (fascicles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of satellite cells? |
|
Definition
| muscle growth and repair. Increase # of nuclei and increase synthesis of protein |
|
|
Term
| How is the myonuclear domain stabilized? |
|
Definition
| new nuclei are incorporated into skeletal muscle during growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site in the sarcomere where actin does not overlap |
|
|
Term
| what is the end plate potential? |
|
Definition
increase of Na+ permeability of sarcolemma causing depolarization
-begins contractile process |
|
|
Term
| How does long duration increase fatigue? |
|
Definition
-accumulation of free radicals
-electrolyte imbalance
-glycolysis
-decrease motor drive to muscle |
|
|
Term
| Steps of Excitation-Contraction coupling |
|
Definition
| Action potential releases Ach, Ach binds on motor end plate which depolarizes down transverse tubules cause a release of Ca in the SR, Ca bind to troponin causing it to move and reveal its active sites, strong bond forms between actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
| what are some miomedical properties of muscle fiber types? |
|
Definition
oxidative capacity= # capillaries, mito, myoglobin
ATPase form:fast or slow; i.e. increase ATPase is fast twitch |
|
|
Term
| what are some contractile properties muscle fiber depends on? |
|
Definition
max force production: force per unit cross area
speed of contraction:myosin ATPase, muscle fiber efficiency |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle type is FOG fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle type does a non athlete have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are isotonic actions? |
|
Definition
dynamic movements
concentric and eccentric |
|
|
Term
| what does force generation depend on? |
|
Definition
type and # of MU recruited
initial muscle length
nueral stimulation of MU |
|
|
Term
| what is the greatest speed achieved before power decreases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition and continuation of twitches |
|
|
Term
| What are sarcomeres separated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the energy for muscle contraction come from? |
|
Definition
| breakdown of ATP from ATPase |
|
|
Term
| Name the three nobel prize winners for their research is muscle or muscular exercise |
|
Definition
Otto Meyerhoff
AV Hill
August Krogh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat production during muscle contraction and recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| funtion of the capillary circulation |
|
|
Term
| Who directed the Hardvard lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some professional societies |
|
Definition
American Physiological society
National Strength and Conditioning Association
American Association of Health, physical education, recreation |
|
|
Term
| what has PA been linked to? |
|
Definition
reduce: dying prematurely, diabetes, high blood pressure,
maintain: health bones, weight, muscles, psychological well being, and joints |
|
|
Term
| Accordign to the Surgeons General Report, how many people do not meet the recommendations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people are inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did the AAHPERD publish? |
|
Definition
Health Related PHysical Fitness Test manual
-performance and fitness testing |
|
|
Term
| efforts of the presidents: EKN |
|
Definition
E: presidents council on youth fitness
K: presidents council on physical fitness
N: presidents council on physical fitness and sports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| showed american children performed poorly on fitness test compared to euro children |
|
|
Term
| what test is used in physical education programs? |
|
Definition
| AAHPERD youth fitness test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set up physical training programs with individual physical prescriptions |
|
|
Term
| the term "maximal oxygen uptake" was introduced by whom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which scientist developed a respiratory gas analyzer that bears his name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who did pioneering work in the vo2 max and lactic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who developed the chemical gas analyzer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pres kennedy wrote and article on physical fitness called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examinig mechs underlying physiological issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describing responses of person to nutritional and enviro factors and exercise |
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