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Exercise Physiology
Test 2 info
78
Other
Not Applicable
03/16/2005

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Term
Anabolism
Definition
build things up
Term
Catabolism
Definition
break things down
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
universal energy source for all organisms.
Term
Phosphorylation
Definition
adding a phosphate group to another chemical
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
adding water to another chemical
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
production of energy by the cell
two kinds: anaerobic and aerobic
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
w/o oxygen
Term
aerobic
Definition
w/ oxygen...chemical pathway...aerobics is a form of exercise
Term
Glucose
Definition
blood sugar
Term
glycogen
Definition
like plant starch...a bunch of glucose strung together.
Term
glycogenesis
Definition
creation of glycogen
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
rupture of...break apart glycogen into individual glucose molicles.
Term
metabolic pathways
Definition
specific and precise sequences
Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Definition
a. anaerobic
b. occurs in the cytoplasm
c. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
ATP production GLU
4 ATP - 2 ATP = 2 ATP
ATP production GLY
4 ATP - 1 ATP = 3 ATP
d. end products
Pyruvic acid (aerobic)
Lactic acid (anaerobic)
Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 2: Formation of Acetyl CoA
Definition
a. Does not directly utilize oxygen but must be aerobic.
b. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
c. No ATP produced
d. Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA
e. 2 NADH+H(pos)
f. 2 CO2
g. 2 acetyl CoA
Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 3: The Kreb Cycle
Definition
A. Does not directly utilize O2 but must be aerobic
B. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
C. 2 ATP
D. 6 NADH+H(pos)
E. 2 FADH2
F. 4 CO2
Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 4: Electron transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
A. Directly utilizes O2 as the final electron acceptor
B. Occurs in the Cristae(inner membrane) of the mitochondria
C. Produces 3 ATP for each NADH+H(pos) and 2 ATP for each FADH2
D. 2H(pos) + 2e(neg) + 1/2 O2 --> H2O
Term
Intracellular
Definition
w/in the cells
Term
rate limiting enzymes
Definition
enzymes in a biochemical pathway that take the longest time
Term
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Definition
rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis...inhibited by acid
Term
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (ICD)
Definition
Rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs Cycle
Term
Cytochrome Oxidase
Definition
rate limiting enzyme in the electron transport system (ETS)
Term
extracellular
Definition
out of cell
Term
neurohormonal coordination
Definition
nervous and endocrine systems work together
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
production of new glucose from a non glucose source
Term
Fuel Utilization
Definition
Your are almost 100% aerobic at rest and as you increase your activity you become more anaerobic
Term
Time-Energy System Continuum
Definition
1. Alactic Anaerobic Metabolism (phosphagen system)....generates phosphate groups...ATP-PC...lasts approx. 10 secs of maximal work load.
2. Lactic Acid System....anaerobic glycolysis....approx 2 mins. before getting winded and not being able to continue.
3. Aerobic Oxidation (O2 system).... aerobic glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETS... virtually unlimited...can use fat as energy source.
Term
metabolism
Definition
any chemical reaction in the body that deals with energy
Term
VO2max
Definition
maximal oxygen uptake
ml of O2 * kg(-1) * min(-1)
Term
measurements of anaerobic metabolism
Definition
ATP-PC (biopsy) and Lactate (drop of blood)
Term
Power
Definition
the rate at which you can do work
Term
capacity
Definition
the amount of work you can do
Term
Tests of anaerobic power and capacity
Definition
wingate anaerobic test (bike test)
Margaria-Kalamen Stair Climb test (sprint up stairs timed)
Field tests
vertical jump test...rough estimate of power...there is a learning component
Sprint and middle distance runs (400 meter test)
Term
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Definition
Better term for oxygen deficit...you consume more O2 after exercise.
1.Recovery Oxygen
2. Phosphagens (ATP and PC)
3. Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis
4. Supercompensation
Term
Recovery Oxygen
Definition
Rapid recovery Oxygen phase (RRP)
Slow recovery oxygen phase (SRP)
Term
Phosphagens (ATP and PC)
Definition
1. 100% in 3-5 mins - how long it takes to get back your phosphagens
2. Oxygen needed
3. RRP
4. CHO, Fats, and lactic acid
5. Half-Reaction Time (approx 20-30 secs) how long it takes to get 50% of the phosphagens back
6 Size of RRP (2-6 liters)- how much O2 we need to do this.
7. It is possible to improve O2 storage through exercise.
Term
Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis
Definition
1. Continuous Endurance Exercise - slow utilization of glycogen but it can be depleated severly
2. Intermittent, Short duration exercise - we can use a lot or a little
Term
Physiological factors affecting Glycogen Resynthesis
Definition
1. amount of glycogen depleted - if we've used a lot it takes longer to replenish
2. Glycogen Precursor Availability -ex. Glucose, lactic acid..are they available? This makes it faster.
3. Muscle Fiber Type - FT muscle fiber synthesises glycogen faster than ST.
Term
supercompensation
Definition
carb loading
Term
liver glycogen replenishment
Definition
same as muscle glycogen
Term
The lactate threshold
Definition
measured by blood samples...when there is an increase in LA production your have reached the threshold
Term
Why is LA a problem
Definition
1. Pain - can hinder performance
2. Performance Decrement
a. metabolic fatigue
b. muscular fatigue
Term
The fate of lactate
Definition
1. Excretion in the urine and sweat
2. Conversion to glucose and/or glycogen
3. Oxidation/Conversion to carbon Dioxide and water
4. Remains as lactate in body - small amounts
Term
Lactate removal postexercise
Definition
your will get rid of it quicker if you do a cool down and have an exercise recovery. the optimal intensity is low for 5-10 minutes...helps to make LA back to GLU or GLY.
Term
Male v. Female anaerobic Characteristics
Definition
men typically have larger muscles and can store more glycogen
Term
anaerobic exercise characteristics of children
Definition
kids have smaller muscles that can store less glycogen than adults
Term
Anaerobic exercise characteristics of older adults
Definition
due to lack of exercise they lost most muscle definition
Term
Heritability of anaerobic characteristics
Definition
highly genetically determined but not quite a high as aerobic
Term
ATP Production from Carbohydrate
Definition
From glucose:
skeletal muscle: 36 (looses w/ transfer of NADH2 into mitocondria)
Heart muscle: 38
From Glycogen:
skeletal muscle: 37
heart muscle: 39
just add 1
Term
Fat (Triglyceride) Metabolism
Definition
requires aerobic metabolism
1. When carbohydrates are depleated we oxidize fat for energy. This Beta oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial Matrix. Triglicerides are reduced to FFA and glycerol by a lipase enzyme. Fat metabolism is activated by cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and growth hormone.
2. ATP Production from Fatty Acids
3. Ketone Bodies and Ketosis
Ketone-metabolic by products of fat metabolism...primarily fat..acidic.
Ketosis-uses fat as energy source.
Term
Protein Metabolism
Definition
Recieve very little energy.
High protein diets can lead to dehydration.
1. Transamination
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. ATP Production from Amino Acids
Term
Transamination
Definition
amino groups transfered from one group to another = waste (uria)
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
Production of new glucose from a non glucose system
Term
ATP Production from Amino Acids
Definition
vary depending on the Amino Acid
There are 3 specific Branch Amino Acids.
Term
Calorimetry
Definition
measures heat production.
Calories are units of heat.
Lab measurement of Aerobic Metabolism
Term
Spirometry
Definition
Measures amount of O2 consumed and CO2 produced...1-1 relationship
Term
Closed system Spirometry
Definition
having a person exhale into a collection chamber and measure the contents of the bag
Term
Open-Circuit Indirect Spirometry
Definition
A computer machine that measures your O2 consumption and CO2 exhalation on a breath by breath basis and then analizes the info after the workout
Term
Short-term, light-to-moderate intensity submaximal exercise
Definition
more aerobic metabolism....under 3 mins is anaerobic
Term
Prolonged, moderate-to-heavy submaximal exercise
Definition
primarily aerobic until extremely heavy exercise demand
Term
Oxygen drift
Definition
After 30 mins at a comfortable pace your O2 consumption will go up a bit, even w/o an increase in workload
Term
Incremental exercise to maximum
Definition
very easy start then gradually increase til you cant go anymore
Term
Static and Dynamic-resistance exercise
Definition
primarily anaerobic - weight training
Term
The O2 cost of Breathing
Definition
uses 3-13% of VO2 during heavy exercise
Term
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Definition
RER = CO2/O2
Can determine what energy source an athlete is using.
1.0 = Using nothing but carbs
0.7 = Using nothing but fat
Between 1.0 an 0.7 = combination of fat, carbs, and some protein.
Term
Lactate Changes
Definition
Aerobically trained athletes can improve lactate threshold
Term
Caloric Equivalent
Definition
how many liters of O2 you would need to consume to work at a certain pace at a given activity.
Term
Caloric Cost
Definition
how many calories it takes to do activity. 100 calories - walk 1 mile on flat terrain for the average person (154 lbs).
Term
Metabolic Equivalent (MET)
Definition
Amount of O2 you consume at rest based on your body mass. Vertually everyone has the same resting O2 consumption..
1MET = 3.5mlO2*kg(-1)*min(-1)
Term
Field estimates of energy expenditure during exercise
Definition
1. Metabolic calculations based on mechanical work or standard energy use
2. Motion Sensors and Accelerometers
3. Activity Recalls and Questionaires - least accurate
Term
Mechanical Efficiency
Definition
how much energy it takes to do something. ex. fuel efficiency
Term
Gross efficiency
Definition
how much work you can do/the amount of energy needed to do it.
Term
Net efficiency
Definition
the difference between the energy you spend doing an activity and the energy you spend doing nothing. Active energy - resting energy.
Term
Delta Efficiency
Definition
The difference in energy expenditure doing same activity with greater workload
Term
Economy of Walking and Running
Definition
can you do the same thing and burn less calories?
Term
Influence of sex and age on economy
Definition
sex - depends on who you ask
age - late teens to late 50's are more economical than young and elderly people
Term
Why do economy and efficiency matter?
Definition
As you become more economical and efficient your performance goes up
Term
Heritability of Aerobic characteristics
Definition
strongly genetically influenced 60's-90's%
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