Term
| What is the overall function of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major components of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
Heart-pump
Blood Vessels-system of channels
Blood-fluid medium |
|
|
Term
| What are the three heart wall layers? |
|
Definition
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium |
|
|
Term
| What organ has the function of generating pressure within blood-filled chambers to propel blood down a pressure gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pulmonary driven by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of chambers in the heart? |
|
Definition
Atria - primer pumps; reservoirs
Ventricles - main force for blood movement through the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pumps in the heart, and where do they pump to? |
|
Definition
Right - to lungs - pulmonary circuit
Left - to body - systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| The right and left sides of the heart must each deliever ____ volumes per unit time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the outer, connective tissues in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle, muscular layer in the heart called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner, endothelium overlaying a thin connective layer in the heart that is continuous with and analogous to vascular layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the muscular wall separating the left and right halves of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the triple layer bag that surrounds and protects the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which node has the greatest permeability to Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the Sinoatrial (SA) node acts as a pacemaker, it is said to be in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Sinoatrial (SA) Node acts as the ____ of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Atrioventricular (AV) node delays delievery of signal to ventricles by 0.13s, allowing time for ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
ventricular filling
AV valve closure |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different valves of the heart? |
|
Definition
2 Atrioventricular (AV)
2 Semilunar Valves |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the two valves of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Prevent backflow of blood, ensuring one-way blood flow. |
|
|
Term
| The two valves of the heart open and close ____ with pressure of the blood against them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The AV valves open with the pressure in the _____ is higher than in the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ attach to the pointed ends of cusps, which are attached to ____ located on the inner surface of ventricles. |
|
Definition
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the cusps when the ventricles and papillary muscles contract? |
|
Definition
| Papillary muscles pull downward preventing the cusps from reopening. |
|
|
Term
| The Semilunar Valve opens when _____ pressure exceeds _____ pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valve contains the Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles? |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular(AV) Valve |
|
|
Term
| What are the three classes of cardiac muscle tissue (In the Myocardium)? |
|
Definition
Atrial Contractile
Ventricular Contractile
Specialized Conductive |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac fibers form syncytial arrangements because fibers are interconnected by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major consequence of syncytial arrangement? |
|
Definition
| One impulse can spread to every fiber in the syncytium |
|
|
Term
| What are the two syncytia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoconduction + Syncytial arrangement cause ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the myocardium have no need for innervation? |
|
Definition
Autoconduction (generates own AP)
No fiber type differences (all are highly oxidative like ST) |
|
|
Term
| Which fibers are leakiest to Na+ and set pace for the entire heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things occur when an AP reaches plateau |
|
Definition
opening of slow Ca++ Na+ channels
5X decrease membrane permeability to K+ |
|
|
Term
| What does a plateau in AP do to repolarization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the absolute refractory period in ventricular muscle? |
|
Definition
| 0.25-0.3s - prevents tetany |
|
|
Term
| How long is the atrial refractory period? |
|
Definition
| 0.15s - atrial rate is faster than ventricular rate |
|
|
Term
| How does calcium enter the cardiac fibers? |
|
Definition
| Through slow Ca++ Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| ________ has a central role in cardiac contractive force, unlike in skeletal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ extracellular Ca++ levels enhance contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ extracellular Ca++ levels inhibit contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits the flow of Ca++ into cardiac and smooth muscle cells, accounting for their effects of lowering BP, relieving angina and stabilizing certain dysrhythmias? |
|
Definition
| Ca++ Channel Blockers (Ca++ Antagonists) |
|
|
Term
| What receives signals from the AV node? |
|
Definition
| Bundle of His (AV Bundle) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Bundle of His divide into as it spreads down towards apex and around each ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Left and Right Bundle Branches |
|
|
Term
| What are branches off the Bundle Branches that help spread impulse throughout entire ventricular wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the net effect of a ventricular conduction? |
|
Definition
| allow simultaneous contraction of all parts of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
True/False
The right ventricle creates the driving pressure for the systemic circuit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This middle layer of the heart wall is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles? |
|
Definition
| Prevent the atrioventricular valves from reopening during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| What structures allows the transmission of the action potential between adjacent cardiac fibers with very little electrical resistance to ion flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for autoconduction? |
|
Definition
| semipermeability of the cell membrane to Na+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the correct order in which the electrical impulse is conducted within the heart from the atria to the ventricles? |
|
Definition
| SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
| What causes the opening of the aortic semilunar valve? |
|
Definition
| Pressure in left ventricle exceeds aortic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Why is it so important that the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle lasts approximately the same duration as cardiac muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| To prevent the ventricles from going into tetany |
|
|
Term
| During atrial systole ______. |
|
Definition
| the final 30% of the end diastolic volume is forced into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What does the pause of the action potential at the atrioventricular (AV) node allow? |
|
Definition
| It allows time for the ventricles to fill with blood |
|
|
Term
| The primary purpose of the heart valves is to ______. |
|
Definition
| prevent backflow of blood |
|
|
Term
| Chronotropic regulation of the heart refers to _____. |
|
Definition
| regulating the heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What are two aspects of heart physiology that can regulate the heart? |
|
Definition
Chronotropic Regulation: HR
Inotropic Regulation: Contractive Force |
|
|
Term
| The Frank-Starling Mechanism ___ in venous return (EDV), ___ stretch on cardiac fibers, ___ recoil upon contraction, and ___ contractive force (SV) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membranes are semipermeable to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chronotropic region affects ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Inotropic region affects ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What establishes resting vagal tone? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| In the PNS, Ach-associated increase in K+ permeability causes what to the membrane and HR? |
|
Definition
| hyperpolarized membrane and decreased HR |
|
|
Term
| In the SNS, NE-associated increase in Na+ and Ca++ permeability does what to the membrane and HR? |
|
Definition
| depolarizes membrane and increases HR |
|
|
Term
| Increase Ca++ permeability does what to the contractive force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When movement is detected by the proprioceptors, what happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are stretch/pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nervous system does a decrease in BP stimulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nervous system does an increase in BP stimulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sensitive to chemical concentrations in blood; located in aorta & carotid arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of the cardiac cycle when myocardium relaxes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of the cardiac cycle when myocardium contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure in the atria before contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the blood enters ventricles passively during atrial diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the last 30% of the blood fill the ventricles? |
|
Definition
| During Atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
| The atria are _____ pumps for ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrial systole puts ventricles on ___ before shortening. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pre-load of ventricles initiates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ends atrial and diastole systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volume of blood in left ventricle at end of ventricular diastole. |
|
Definition
| End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the time during which ventricles contact but semilunar valves have yet to open? |
|
Definition
| isovolumetric contraction |
|
|
Term
| What is the resistance against which the left ventricle pumps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood remaining in the LV at the end of ventricular systole called? |
|
Definition
| End Systolic Volume (ESV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the time period after the semilunar valves close, ventricles continue to relax even though ventricular volume does not change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the volume of blood pumped from the LV with each beat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for Stroke Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proportion of blood pumped out of LV with each beat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for Ejection Fraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the resting average range for Ejection Fraction (EF)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the volume of blood pumped per unit time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the resting value for Cardiac Output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exercising value for cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three wall layers of the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
Intima (inner)
Media (middle)
Adventitia (outer) |
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessel layer is a single layer of endothelial cells with a thin layer of elastic lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the most control of BF occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the blood entry into capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ between cells allow movement of fluid in and out of vessels-gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How thick are the capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle contraction creates milking action of blood back to heart via what pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pump causes changes in pressure in abdominal and thoracic cavities during breathing assist venous return. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood is in the venous channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During exercise, BF is directed away from the viscera towards what three places? |
|
Definition
Active Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac Muscle
Skin |
|
|
Term
| Adjusting smooth muscle tone in vascular walls, especially arterioles at precapillary sphincter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in local concentrations of substances that act as vasodilators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Production of vascular growth factors causes angiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common cause of hypertension in African Americans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a decrease in oxygen cause? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle relaxation, opening associated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal blood volume for men and women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much plasma is in the total blood volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intense exercise in heat can do what to PV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endurance training or heat acclimatization (adaptation to new climate) does what to PV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin carries how much oxygen and carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
oxygen: 97%
carbon dioxide: 23% |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin consists of one ____ molecule and 4 ___ groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regular oxygen carrying capacity of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the blood contains formed elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percent of the total blood volume that consists of formed elements or RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many RBCs are in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs are produced in the bone marrow via ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases surface area for carrying Hb and can easily change shape fold to fit in capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of WBCs? |
|
Definition
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes (B & T cells)
Auxiliary Cells |
|
|
Term
| Which WBC is part of the innate immunity (nonspecific immunity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which WBC mediates acquired immunity (recognize specific pathogen and has memory) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two common stimuli of polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common cause of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhage, decreased iron intake |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal HR rage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerobically trained decreases RHR, mostly due to ___ PNS and ___ SNS stimulation to the heart. |
|
Definition
increased PNS
decreased SNS |
|
|
Term
| What are changes in physiological parameters in response to anticipation of upcoming activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What equation is used to determine HR max? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Training ___ HR recovery period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Frank-Starling Mechanism and an increase in SNS does what to the SV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an untrained person, SV increases from rest up to ___% VO2max then it plateaus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SV can ____ from rest to max intensity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which body position causes the highest SV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BP is a function of what two things? |
|
Definition
Volume of blood flowing through the vessel
vessel diameter |
|
|
Term
| What is the average pulmonary value of resting BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal systemic value of resting BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation to determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ exercise results in a larger increase in BP than ___ exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does SBP and DBP increase during resistance exercise? |
|
Definition
due to greatly increased TPVR
due to Valsalva maneuver |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for Rate Pressure Product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left Ventricular Hypertrophy does what to the size of the LV myocardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the air while on the path through the nasal and oral cavities? |
|
Definition
Warmed (37 degrees)
Humidified (100% RH)
Filtered of particles |
|
|
Term
| What is the movement of air in and out of the lungs (breathing)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two respiratory processes make up the External Respiration? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Diffusion |
|
|
Term
| What two respiratory processes make up the Internal Respiration? |
|
Definition
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via blood stream
Capillary Gas Exchange |
|
|
Term
| What is the lid on the larynx called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many alveoli are found in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal alveoli surface area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when one pleura moves causing the other pleura to move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer membrane of the lungs called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lines of the thoracic wall called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for the gas law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bell-shaped muscle that forms that thoracic floor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the rib muscles called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal resting breathing rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal exercising breathing rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure exerted outwards from the blood on capillary wall? |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic Pressure (HP) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal Hydrostatic Pressure value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure caused by proteins in the blood that creates a force that pulls fluid from interstitium into the capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal Colloid Osmotic Pressure value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure that a gas exerts independently in a gas mixture? |
|
Definition
| Partial Pressure of a Gas |
|
|
Term
| What is the percent content in dry air for: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water? |
|
Definition
20.93% oxygen
0.03% carbon dioxide
79.04% nitrogen
0% water |
|
|
Term
| Air that enters the lungs mixes with the ____. |
|
Definition
| residual lung volumes (RLV) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal partial pressure of arterial oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal partial pressure venous oxygen value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Oxygemoglobin Dissociation curve depicts the binding strength between oxygen and Hb based on ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Fick Equation? |
|
Definition
| VO2 = (Q)(a-v O2 difference) |
|
|
Term
| What is the strongest stimulus to breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What returns lactate and pH to normal faster than passive recovery, dur to keeping blood flow and ventilation elevated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory muscles may ____ due to resistance training. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are there few pulmonary adaptations to training? |
|
Definition
| CV system is primary limiter of performance |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lowest compatible pH with life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanisms that control excess acidity in the blood? |
|
Definition
Chemical Buffers
Ventilation
Kidneys |
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen is dissolved in the plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen is bound to Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much carbon dioxide is bound to Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much carbon dioxide is bicarbonate ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exchange of Cl- and HCO2- between blood and RBC in order to preserve ionic equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the offloading of carbon dioxide from Hb that facilitates oxygen binding Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hb changes formation with unloading and loading of oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the four steps in clot formation. |
|
Definition
Vascular spasms
Formation of platelet plug
Formation of blood clot
Growth of fibrous tissue into blood clot to close hole in vessel and retraction clot |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of innate immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is how much of body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two equations that can be used to determine MAP? |
|
Definition
MAP = DBP + [(SBP-DBP)/3]
MAP = (TPVR)(Q) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two muscles involved in breathing during rest? |
|
Definition
Diaphragm
External Intercostals |
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory regulation decreases inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme responsible for turning Carbon Dioxide and Water into Bicarbonate ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a Calcium Channel Blocker? |
|
Definition
|
|
