Term
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Definition
| - a branch of biological science concerned with the function of organisms and their parts |
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Term
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Definition
| - a branch of physiology that deals with the functioning of the body in response to exercise (acute and chronic adaptations). These responses to exercise are dependent on the intensity, duration, frequency and type of exercise and the environmental circumstances, diet and physiological status of the individual |
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Term
received the Nobel Prize for work related to muscle or muscular exercise
A.V. Hill |
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Definition
| Heat production during muscle contraction and recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in muscle |
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Definition
| Function of the capillary circulation |
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| Harvard Fatigue Laboratory |
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Definition
D.B. Dill
Directed the lab from 1927–1947
Conducted research in numerous areas
Exercise, clinical, and environmental physiology
- Basis of much of what we know today
Made careful and precise measurements
Using “new” instruments and techniques |
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Term
Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Metabolism |
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Definition
Maximal oxygen uptake
Oxygen debt
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism during long-term work |
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Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Environmental physiology |
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Definition
Altitude
Dry and moist heat
Cold |
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Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Clinical physiology |
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Definition
Gout
Schizophrenia
Diabetes |
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Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Aging |
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Definition
Basal metabolic rate
Maximal oxygen uptake
Maximal heart |
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Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Blood |
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Definition
Acid-base balance
O2 saturation: role of PO2, PCO2, and carbon monoxide
Nutrition
Nutritional assessment techniques
Vitamins
Foods |
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Term
Active Research Areas in the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Physical fitness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
On x-axis (horizontal)
Manipulated by researcher
ex. percentage |
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Term
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Definition
On y-axis (vertical)
Changes as a function of independent variable
ex. heart rate, oxygen consumption,Blood pressure, hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
Physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily “normal”
Balance between demands placed on body and the body’s response to those demands
Ex exercise for 3 minute under normal environment the heart rate reaches it. the max heart rate is 200 |
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Term
Control Systems of the Body
Intracellular control systems |
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Definition
Protein breakdown and synthesis
Energy production
Maintenance of stored nutrients |
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Control Systems of the Body
Organ systems |
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Definition
Pulmonary and circulatory systems
Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Biological Control System |
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Definition
| Series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near normal (constant ) value |
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Term
Biological Control System
Components
Sensor or receptor |
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Definition
Detects changes in variable
detects the chemical changing, our vessels contain lots of receptor. also send message to the control center. |
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Term
Biological Control System
Components
Control center |
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Definition
| Assesses input and initiates response |
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Term
Biological Control System
Components
Effector: |
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Definition
| Changes internal environment back to normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in extracellular CO2 triggers a receptor
Sends information to respiratory control center
Respiratory muscles are activated to increase breathing
CO2 concentration returns to normal
Most control systems work via |
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Pressure
Stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Pressure
Receptors |
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Definition
| Baroreceptors in carotid arteries and aorta |
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Pressure
Integrating center |
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Definition
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Pressure
Effector |
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Definition
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Pressure
Response |
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Definition
| Decreased blood pumped from heart |
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Term
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Definition
| can be seen in the respiratory systems regulation of the co2 concentration in the extracellular fluids. It also serve to restore normal value of a variable to maintain homeostasis. |
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Term
| Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Pressure |
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Definition
(1) heart action causes increasing blood pressure in blood vessels
(2) the baroreceptors in carotid artery relay information to brain that blood pressure has increased
(3) brain signals heart to contract more slowly and with less force.
(4) blood pressure decreases |
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Regulation of Blood Glucose
Illustration of the regulation of blood glucose concentration
negative feedback |
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Definition
| Eating, increase blood glucose, pancreas, insulin,cellular uptake of glucose, blood glucose. before meal we have high level of insulin not high level of glucose. after meal high level of glucose activation pancreas to release insulin which bind to insulin receptor than glucose take to the cell migrate to liver and muscle glycogen. |
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Term
| figure 2.7 blood glucose concentration |
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Definition
| the rise in blood glucose signals the pancrease to release insulin, which then lowers blood glucose by increase cellular uptake. failure of the blood glucose control result in (diabetes.) |
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Term
| Failure of a Biological Control System Results in Disease |
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Definition
Failure of any component of a control system results in a disturbance of homeostasis
Example:
Type 1 diabetes
Damage to beta cells in pancreas
Insulin is no longer released into blood
Hyperglycemia results
This represents failure of “effector |
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Term
Example of Homeostatic Control: Cellular Stress Response
figure 2.8 |
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Definition
| the process starts with a stressor that promotes protein damage. stresses associated with exercise that are known to produce protein damage which include high temperature. reduced cellular oxygen, low PH, and the production of free radicals. damaged proteins become signals for the cell to produce stress protein. after synthesis these stress protein work to repair damaged protein and restore homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| oxytocin release by the hypothalamus when the head of the baby moves into the birth canal, the increase pressure on the cervix stimulates sensory receptor. the excited sensor then send a neural message to the brain which reponds by trggering the release of the hormone oxytocin from the pituitr gland. the oxytocin then travels via the blood to the uterus and promotes increased contractions. the cervix becomes more stimulated and uterine contractions become stronger until birth occurs the oxytocin release stops and shuts off. |
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Term
Test of Homeostatic Control
Submaximal exercise in a cool environment |
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Definition
| - The body’s control systems can maintain steady state |
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Term
Test of Homeostatic Control
Intense exercise or prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment |
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Definition
May not be able to maintain steady state
Severe disturbances in homeostasis can occur |
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