Term
| which area of the heart is the largest and strongest and why? |
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Definition
| the left ventricle because it has to pump blood to the systemic portion of the cardiovascular system. |
|
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Term
| what type of relationship do heart rate and work load have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the SNS do in regard to extrinsic control of heart rate? |
|
Definition
| increases rate of impulse generation and conduction speed, increasing heart rate and force of contraction. |
|
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Term
| what does the PSNS do in regard to extrinsic control of the heart |
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Definition
| acting through the vagus nerve, it decreases heart rate and force of contraction. |
|
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Term
| can maximal heart rate and heart rate response be used to predict performance capability |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pathological bradycardia? |
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Definition
| an abnormal disturbance in the resting heart rate. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the volume of blood pumped per contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is end-diastolic volume |
|
Definition
| the volume of blood in the ventricle just before contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is end systolic volume |
|
Definition
| volume of blood in the ventricle just after contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the ejection fraction |
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Definition
| the proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat. it is a fraction as opposed to an amount which is what makes it different than SV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Q) the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute |
|
|
Term
| what are the two components of (Q) |
|
Definition
| stroke volume and heart rate |
|
|
Term
| what type of stimulation controls vasodilation? |
|
Definition
| intrinsic via muscle tissues |
|
|
Term
| what type of stimulation controls vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| Extrinsic stimulation via the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| which body part gets the same amount of blood during rest and exercise? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls where blood goes? |
|
Definition
| Pressure differences. pressure is greater where there is more blood. |
|
|
Term
| what type of change has the largest effect on blood flow |
|
Definition
| changes in resistance (boyle's law) |
|
|
Term
| do the extrinsic and intrinsic systems that control blood flow work dependent on each other or independent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the metabolic factors the increase local blood flow? |
|
Definition
| increased oxygen demand. increase in metabolic byproducts. inflammatory chemicals. |
|
|
Term
| what is the myogenic response that affects intrinsic control of blood flow. |
|
Definition
| increased muscle contractions. |
|
|
Term
| what is the extrinsic neural control of blood flow? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction from the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| what hormones control blood vessel radius in order to control blood pressure |
|
Definition
| epinephrine. angiotensin. vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| what hormones control blood volume in order to control blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin). aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| what hormone controls heart rate and stroke volume in order to control blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone is the biggest controller of heart rate and blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % O2 saturation of (hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillary blood and the metabolically active tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the factors affecting oxygen uptake and delivery |
|
Definition
| oxygen content of blood. amount of blood flow. local conditions within the muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total volume of air you have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most we can potentially exhale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is left after expiration |
|
|
Term
| residual volume + vital capacity = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much we use at a given time |
|
|
Term
| functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
| the amount not used during rest |
|
|
Term
| which is more likely to be a performance limiter: cardiac output or the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we get oxygen as a gas into the blood (turned into a liquid)? |
|
Definition
| oxygen moves from alveoli to the capillary network where it is exchanged via the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| which element has the largest concentration in air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the pressure gradiant the greatest? |
|
Definition
| in the tissues after oxygen moves into them |
|
|
Term
| a larger area and a decreased thickness in the membrane means what? |
|
Definition
| a greater chance of diffusion |
|
|
Term
| which zone of the lung has the greatest blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors affect blow flow resistance? |
|
Definition
| viscosity of the blood. length of the vessel. radius of the vessel to the fourth power. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two factors in fick's equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the central component of ficks equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the peripheral factor to fick's equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point at which the heart rate plateaus after reaching a new sub maximal work load. this happen every 2-3 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plateau of heart rate at a maximal work load. the heart rate will not increase after it reaches this point even if work load increases |
|
|
Term
| what factors determine SV during acute exercise |
|
Definition
| the volume of venous blood returned to the heart. ventricular distensibility. ventricular contractility. aortic or pulmonary artery pressure. |
|
|
Term
| how does SV increase with work load |
|
Definition
| plateaus at 40-60% of VO2 max. it is affected by body position. |
|
|
Term
| frank starling mechanism: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mean arterial pressure. increases substantially during dynamic exercise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systolic blood pressure. increases in proportion to exercise intensity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diastolic blood pressure. does not change significantly during dynamic exercise and may decrease. |
|
|
Term
| how does blood flow change during exercise? |
|
Definition
| it is redirected from areas where extra blood flow is not needed to working areas of the body where it is needed. ie. the working muscles, and skin. |
|
|
Term
| how is redirection of the blood flow during exercise accomplished? |
|
Definition
| by influence from the Sympathetic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after longer periods of exercise at a sustained intensity or in a hot climate, blood is redirected towards the skin to cool the body. also, there is a decrease in stroke volume and an increase in heart rate. sometimes a decrease in blood volume. |
|
|
Term
| how is the AVo2 difference affected by exercise? |
|
Definition
| it is increased as more blood from the arteries is being used by the tissues so there is less blood in the veins. |
|
|
Term
| how is plasma volume (PV) affected by exercise? |
|
Definition
| PV decreases as it is lost through sweat. |
|
|
Term
| how does exercise effect ventilatory equivalent of oxygen |
|
Definition
| you get less oxygen per liter of air. |
|
|
Term
| why does ventilation increase |
|
Definition
| increased CO2 during exercise stimulates the chemoreceptors. lactic acid builds in the blood at this point. it is called the lactic threshold. |
|
|
Term
| how does the body regulate PH during exercise? |
|
Definition
| the respiratory system regulates PH for the short term while the renal system regulates it for the long term. It uses bicarbonate's to buffer hydrogen and also removes CO2 faster. |
|
|
Term
| what causes heart size to increase due to exercise |
|
Definition
| increased ventricular filling and diastolic time and increased plasma. |
|
|
Term
| What makes SV increase in regards to exercise |
|
Definition
| increased filling time.increased plasma. increased ventricular filling. |
|
|
Term
| compare and contrast absolute and relative intensity |
|
Definition
| relative intensity deals with percent of VO2 max being used while absolute intensity deals with power output |
|
|
Term
| what affects an increase in maximal Q the most |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is capillarization and what does it do |
|
Definition
| it is an increase in the number of capillaries serviing a muscle and it provides more blood and therefore more oxygen to the tissue. |
|
|
Term
| what affects does endurance training have on blood volume |
|
Definition
| blood volume increases due to increased plasma proteins, increased aldosterone. also, red blood cell volume increases and so does the amount of hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| what are some respiratory adaptation to exercise |
|
Definition
| increased tidal volume. decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| what are some muscular adaptations to exercise |
|
Definition
| increased size and density. increased mitochondrial size and density. increased lactate threshold. |
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