Term
| The __________ __________ collects fluids generally from blood or interstitial fluids and adjusts the composition of fluids by returning needed substances to body fluid - excess and potent substances (metabolic wastes) are excreted. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the process by which organisms control the concentration of water and salt in the body so that their body fluids do not become too dilute or too concentrated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three principal waste products of animal metabolism? |
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Definition
1) Water
2) Carbon dioxide
3) Nitrogenous wastes |
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Term
| What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes excreted from the body? |
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Definition
1) Ammonia
2) Urea
3) Uric acid |
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Term
| Out of the three nitrogenous wastes, which is the most toxic and is secreted by aquatic animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is urea synthesized in your body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two advantages of excreting wastes in the form of urea? |
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Definition
1) Less toxic
2) Can accumulate in greater concentration without causing tissue damage |
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Term
| If you are a reptile living in an extremely hot environment, in what form would you prefer to excrete your nitrogenous wastes? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are organisms whose salt concentration of their body fluids varies with changes in the seawater. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ include most invertebrates (Cnidarians). |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are organisms which maintain optimal salt concentrations despite changes in salinity of surroundings. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ prevent and salt from osmotically moving out of the body; can remove excess water. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ for osmoregulation and excretion are found in invertebrates like flatworms, rotifers, annelids, mollusks, and lancelets. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ for osmoregulation and excretion are simple or branching tubes that open to the outside through pores. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ for osmoregulation and excretion help maintain homeostasis by regulating the concentration of body fluids; osmoregulation; the excretion of metabolic wastes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ of a planarian, which function mainly in osmoregulation, form a system of branching tubules. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ cells are often involved with the protonephridia nephridial orggans in which the interstitial fluid passes through the cell and then a series of tubules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each __________ of an earthworm consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the coelom, a coiled tube, and a nephridiophore opening to the outside. |
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Definition
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Term
| The slender __________ __________ have blind ends that extend into the hemocoel. Their cells transfer __________ __________ and some ions from the hemolymph to the cavity of the tubule; water follows by diffusion. |
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Definition
1) Malphighian tubules
2) Uric acid |
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Term
| What type of fish takes in water osmotically? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fish excretes a large volume of dilute urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fish loses water osmotically? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fish compensate for their water loss by drinking seawater and excreting salt through their gills? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fish produces a small volume of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fish retains a large amount of urea? |
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Definition
| 1) Sharks and other marine cartilaginous fishes |
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Term
| What type of fish takes in water osmotically through the gills? |
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Definition
| 1) Sharks and other marine cartilaginous fishes |
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Term
| What type of fish excretes a large volume of urine? |
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Definition
| 1) Sharks and other marine cartilaginous fishes |
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Term
Terrestrial Vertebrates:
-Must conserve _________
-Adaptations include efficient _________
-_________ (constant body temperature)
-Have a high _________ rate
-Produce large volume of _________ wastes (urea or uric acid)
-Very efficient _________ for conserving water |
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Definition
1) Water
2) Kidneys
3) Endotherms
4) Metabolic
5) Nitrogenous
6) Kidneys |
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Term
| _________ help maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid balance and excreting metabolic wastes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidneys produce the enzyme _________ which regulates fluid balance and blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
The kidneys produce two hormones:
-_________ (stimulates RBC production)
-_________ (stimulates calcium absorption by intestine) |
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Definition
1) Erythroprotein
2) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 |
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Term
| The _________ is the functional unit of the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of nephron is more numerous? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of nephron has relatively small glomeruli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of nephron is located entirely within the cortex or outermedulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of nephron is less numerous? |
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Definition
| 1) Juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
| Which type of nephron has relatively large glomeruli? |
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Definition
| 1) Juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
| Which type of nephron has very long loops of Henle and extend deep into the medulla? |
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Definition
| 1) Juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
| What is the flow of blood circulation within the kidney? |
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Definition
| 1) Renal artery -> efferent arteriols -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent arterioles -> small veins -> renal vein |
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Term
| What three factors contribute to urine formation? |
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Definition
1) Filtration (of plasma
2) Reabsorption (of needed materials)
3) Secretion (of substances such as potassium and hydrogen ions into the renal tubule) |
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Term
| In filtration, plasma filters through the __________ __________ into Bowman's capsule. |
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Definition
| 1) Glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| In filtration, blood flows through the __________ __________ under __________ pressure, forcing more than 10% if the plasma out of them and into __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Glomerular capillaries
2) High
3) Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| What are three factors that contribute to filtration? |
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Definition
1) High hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
2) Large surface area for filtration provided by the glomerular capillaries
3) Great permeability of the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| During reabsorption about 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed from the __________ __________ into blood leaving only 1.5L to be excreted as urine during a 24 hour period. |
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Definition
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Term
| During reabsorption about 65% of filtrate is reabsorbed by the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
| 1) Proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| Simple epithelial cells lining the __________ __________ help in reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two usable materials are returned to the blood during reabsorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| The maximum rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed is called __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
| 1) Tubular transport maximum (Tm) |
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Term
| Secretion primarily occurs in the region of the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
| 1) Distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| During secretion, hydrogen, ammonium, potassium ions, creatine, and some drugs are actively transported into the __________ __________ to become part of the urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is directly responsible for the regulation of pH in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| During secretion, CO2 combines with water to form __________ __________ in tubules and collecting ducts. |
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Definition
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Term
| During secretion __________ ions are also secreted. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is a long, straight, set of capillaries that extend from the efferent tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| By the time filtrate reaches the __________ __________, its composition has been precisely adjusted |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone increases the permeability of collecting ducts to water, increasing reabsorption and decreasing water excretion? |
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Definition
| 1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Term
| What hormone increases sodium reabsorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone constricts blood vessels, which raises blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone dilates afferent arterioles, inhibits sodium reabsorption by collecting ducts, inhibits aldosterone secretion, and decreases blood pressure? |
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Definition
| 1) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Term
| __________ is released by the pituitary gland in response to an increase in osmotic concentration of the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water and as a result, forces more water to be reabsorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ and __________ work antagonistically. |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood pressure decreases, cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete __________, which leads to production of __________. |
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Definition
1) Renin
2) Angiotensin II |
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Term
| __________ stimulates aldosterone release, which raises blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the type of nephron that has the long loop of Henle. |
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Definition
| 1) Juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
| In which part of the nephron does filtration happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone works against Aldosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Through secretion of aldosterone; absorption on upper ascending loop |
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Term
| Where do you find podocytes? |
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Definition
| 1) The wall of Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| What is the source of ANP hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the functional unit of the vertebra kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
Urine formation is accomplished by all of the following except:
a. Filtration of plasma
b. Secretion (of ions like potassium, hydrogen, etc.)
c. Reabsorption of needed materials
d. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following factors contribute toward filtration?
a. Hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
b. Large surface area for filtration provided by highly coiled glomerular capillaries
c. Great permeability (posority) of the glomerular capillaries
d. Aldosterone
e. A, B & C only
f. All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following process can contribute the most to regulate the pH of blood?
a. Filtration
b. Reabsorption
c. Secretion
d. The hormone ADH |
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Definition
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