Term
|
Definition
Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium for product stability
Examples:
Citric acid
Acetic acid
Fumaric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium for product stability
Examples:
Ammonia solution
Ammonium carbonate
Diethanolamine
Monoethanolamine
Potassium hydroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means
Example:
Powdered cellulose
Activated charcoal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Agent responsible for developing the pressure within an aerosol container and expelling the product when the valve is opened
Examples:
Carbon Dioxide
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorotetrafluroethane
Trichloromonofluoromethane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed container to enhance product stability
Examples:
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually enhanced by use in combination
Examples:
Butylparaben
Ethylparaben
Methylparaben
Benzoic acid
Propylparaben |
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial preservative |
|
Definition
Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of microorganisms
Example:
Benzalkonium chloride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to prevent deterioration of preparations by oxidation
Examples:
Ascorbic acid
Ascorbyl palmitate
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Hypophosphorous acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali
Examples:
Potassium metaphosphate
Potassium phosphate, monobasic
Sodium acetate
Sodium citrate, anhydrous and dihydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substances that forms stable water-soluble complexes (chelates) with metals; used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. In such use, they are also called sequestering agents
Examples:
Edetic acid
Edetate disodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to impart color to liquid and solid (e.g., tablets and capsules) preparations
examples:
FD&C Red No. 3
FD&C Red No. 20
FD&C Yellow No. 6
FD&C Blue No. 2
D&C Green No. 5
D&C Orange No. 5
D&C Red No. 8
Caramel
Ferric oxide, red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities
Example:
Bentonite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g., a cream)
examples:
Acacia
Cetomacrogol
Cetyl alcohol
Glyceryl monostearate
Sorbitan monooleate
Polyoxyethylene 50 stearate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration
example:
Gelatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. In addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used.
Examples:
Anise oil
cinnamon oil
cocoa
methanol
orange oil
peppermint oil
vanillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments and creams
examples:
glycerin
propylene glycol
sorbitol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mortar
examples:
mineral oil
glycerin
propylene glycol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Semisolid vehicle for medicated ointments
examples:
lanolin
hydrophilic ointment
polyethylene glycol ointment
petrolatum
hydrophilic petrolatum
white ointment
yellow ointment
rose water ointment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Component of film-coating solutions to make film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over tablets, beads, and granules
examples:
diethyl phthalate
glycerin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution; may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. Sterile solvents are used in certain preparations (e.g., injections)
examples:
alcohol
corn oil
cottonseed oil
glycerin
isopropyl alcohol
mineral oil
oleic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to increase the thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment
examples:
cetyl alcohol
cetyl esters wax
microcrystalline wax
paraffin
stearyl alcohol
white wax
yellow wax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vehicle for suppositories
examples:
cocoa butter
polyethylene glycols (mixtures)
PEG 3350 |
|
|
Term
| Surfactant (surface active agent) |
|
Definition
Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial tension. May be used as wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents
examples:
Benzalkonium chlroide
Nonoxynol 10
Octoxynol 9
Polysorbate 80
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Sorbitan monopalmitate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are not soluble; suspension may be formualted for oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, topical or other route
examples:
Agar
bentonite
carbomer (e.g., Carbopol)
carboxymethylcellulose sodium
hydroxyethyl cellulose
hydroxypropyl cellulose
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
kaolin
methylcelulose
tragacanth
veegum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to impart sweetness to a preparation
examples:
aspartame
dextrose
glycerin
mannitol
saccharin sodium
sorbitol
sucrose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches and dies during production
examples:
Magnesium stearate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substances used to cause adhesion of powder particles into tablet granulations
examples:
acacia
alginic acid
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
compressible sugar (e.g., Nu-tab)
ethylcellulose
gelatin
liquid glucose
methylcellulose
povidone
pregelatinized starch |
|
|
Term
| Tablet and capsule diluent |
|
Definition
Inert filler to create desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics of tablets and capsules
examples:
Dibasic calcium phosphate
Kaolin
Lactose
mannitol
Microcrystalline cellulose
powdered cellulose
precipitated calcium carbonate
sorbitol
starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to coat a tablet to protect against decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity, to provide a desired release pattern, to mask taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generally start to break up in the stomach
examples:
Liquid glucose
sucrose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dissolves in the stomach
examples:
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Methylcellulose (e.g., Methocel)
Ethylcellulose (e.g., Ethocel) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Passes through the stomach to break up in the intestines
examples:
cellulose acetate phthalate
Shellac (35% in alcohol, pharmaceutic glaze) |
|
|
Term
| Tablet direct compression excipient |
|
Definition
Used in direct compression tablet formulations
example:
Dibasic calcium phosphate (e.g., Ditab) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used in solid forms to promote disruption of the mass into smaller particles more readily dispersed or dissolved
examples:
Alginic acid
polacrilin potassium (e.g., amberlite)
Sodium alginate
sodium starch glycolate
Starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve flow properties of the powder mixture
examples:
colloidal silica
cornstarch
talc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used in tablet formulations to reduce friction during tablet compression
examples:
calcium stearate
magnesium stearate
mineral oil
stearic acid |
|
|
Term
| Tablet or capsule opaquant |
|
Definition
Used to render a coating opaque (not transparent or translucent). May be used alone or with a colorant
example:
titanium dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to impart an attractive sheen to coated tablets
examples:
carnauba wax
white wax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to render solution similar in osmotic-dextrose characteristics to physiologic fluids, e.g., in ophthalmic, parenteral, and irrigation fluids
examples:
sodium chloride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carrying agent used in formulating a variety of liquids for oral and parenteral administration
Generally, oral liquids are aqueous (e.g., syrups) or hydroalcoholic (e.g., elixirs). Solutions for intravenous use are aqueous, wehreas intramuscular injections may be aqueous or oleaginous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examples:
Acacia syrup
Aromatic syrup
Aromatic elixir
Cherry syrup
Cocoa syrup
Orange syrup
Syrup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oily
examples:
Corn oil
mineral oil
peanut oil
sesame oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examples:
bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection |
|
|
Term
| Viscosity-increasing agent |
|
Definition
Used to render preparations more resistant to flow. Used in suspensions to deter sedimentation, in ophthalmic solutions to enhance contact time (e.g., methylcellulose), to thicken topical creams, etc.
examples:
alginic acid
bentonite
carbomer
carboxymethylcellulose
sodium
methylcellulose
povidone
sodium alginate
tragacanth |
|
|
