Term
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Definition
| Acts of communication, such as requesting, rejecting, commenting, arguing and reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| Impairments in the ability to use speech or language to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| An arbitrary code or system of symbols to communicate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding or sending messages in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Decoding or understanding messages in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation and sequencing of oral language sounds during communication |
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Term
| Augmentative or alternative communication AAC |
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Definition
| Alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral communication that involves abnormal use of the vocal apparatus, is unintelligible or difficult to understand, or is so inferior that it draws attention to itself and causes anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, or inappropriate behaviour in the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral communication that involves a lag in the ability to understand and express ideas, putting linguistic skill behind an individuals development in other areas, such as motor, cognitive, or social development |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how individual sounds make up words |
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Term
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Definition
| The study within psycholinguistics of word formation; how adding or deleting parts of words changes their meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| The ways words are joined together to structure meaningful sentences; grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| The study within psycholinguistics of how people use language in social situations; emphasizes the functional use of language, rather than mechanics |
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Term
| Primary Language Disorder |
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Definition
| Language disorder that has no known cause |
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Term
| Secondary Language Disorder |
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Definition
| language disorder that is caused by another disorder or exceptionality such as intellectual disability, hearing impairments or brain injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Pronouncing certain sounds with sounds omitted or distorted ie saying boo instead of blue, dat for that |
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Term
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Definition
| Problems with morphology and syntax tend to occur together |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual may have a difficult time learning new words or using new words when appropriate |
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Term
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Definition
| May not know how to make their needs known or to use language for practical purposes |
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Term
| Specific Language Impairments SLI |
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Definition
| language disorder with no identifiable cause, not attributable to hearing impairments, intellectual disability, brain dysfunction, or other plausible cause |
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Term
| Early expressive language delay |
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Definition
| a significant lag in the development of expressive language that is apparent by age two |
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Term
| language based reading impairment |
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Definition
| reading problem that is based on a language problem |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to understand that speech flow can be broken down into smaller sound units, such as words, syllables, and phonemes; lack of such awareness is generally thought to be the reason for the reading problems of many students with learning disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of the sound imparted by the size, shape, and texture of the organs in the vocal tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hesitations, repetitions and other disruptions of normal speech flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which brain damage causes impaired control of the muscles used in articulation |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to plan and coordinate speech |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition characterized by paralysis, weakness, lack of coordination, and/or other motor dysfunction; caused by damage to the brain before is has matured. |
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Term
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Definition
| a motor speech disorder. Children with CAS have problems saying sounds, syllables, and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech. The child knows what he or she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words |
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Term
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Definition
| problems in motor planning such that the child has difficulty producing speech sounds and organizing word sounds for effective communication. The problem is known to be caused by neurological damage. |
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Term
| Pre-linguistic Communication |
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Definition
| Communication through gestures and noises before the child has learned oral language |
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Term
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Definition
| A naturalistic approach to language intervention in which the goal is to teach functional language skills in a natural environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Units of relative loudness of sounds; zero decibels (0 db) designates the point at which people with normal hearing can just detect sound |
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Term
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Definition
| Deafness that is present at birth; can be caused by genetic factors; by injuries; or by injuries occurring at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| deafness that occurs through illness or accident in an individual who was not born deaf |
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Term
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Definition
| deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language, usually at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| deafness occurring after the development of speech and language |
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Term
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Definition
| Eardrum - the anatomical boundary between the outer and middle ears; the sound gathered in the outer ear vibrates here |
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Term
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Definition
| The visible part of the ear, which is composed of cartilage; collects the sounds and funnels them via the external auditory canal to the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). |
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Term
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Definition
| is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| The anvil-shaped small bone is one of three ossicles in the middle ear. The incus receives vibrations from the malleus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes, medially. The incus is so-called because of its resemblance to an anvil |
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Term
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Definition
| is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear. The stirrup-shaped small bone is one of three ossicles in the middle ear. The stapes receives vibrations from the incus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the oval window, medially. The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a stirrup |
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Term
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Definition
| The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, in humans making 2.5 turns around its axis, the modiolus.[1] A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| low-intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation; used to screen hearing problem in infants and very young children |
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Term
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Definition
| a test whereby tones of various intensities and frequencies are presented to determine a person's hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as one cycle per second.[1] One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications, such as the frequency of musical tones. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique that tests a person's detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss. |
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Term
| Speech reception threshold (SRT) |
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Definition
| The decibel level at which a person can understand speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of a gamelike format to test hearing of young and hard to test children; the examiner teachers the child to respond to sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of measuring the middle ear's response to pressure and sound |
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Term
| Evoked-response adiometry |
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Definition
| A technique involving eletroencephalogram measurement of changes in brain wave activity in response to sounds |
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Term
| Conductive hearing impairments |
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Definition
| a hearing impairment, usually mild, resulting in malfunctioning along the conductive pathway of the ear (i.e. the outer or middle ear) |
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Term
| Senorineural hearing impairment |
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Definition
| a hearing impairment, usually severe, resulting from malfunctioning of the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| a hearing impairment resulting from a combination of conductive and sensorneural hearing impairments |
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Term
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Definition
| an infection of the skin of the external auditory canal; also called swimmer's ear |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene, the mutation of which causes deafness; the leading cause of congenital deafness |
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Term
| congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
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Definition
| the most frequently occurring viral infection in newborns; can result in a variety of exceptionalities; especially hearing impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical procedure that allows people who are deaf to hear some environmental sounds; an external coil fitted on the skin by the ear picks up sounds from a microphone worn by the person and transmits it to an internal coil implanted in the bone behind the ear, which carries it to an electrode implanted in the cochlea of the inner ear |
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Term
| Bicultural-bilingual approach |
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Definition
| an approach teaching students with hearing impairments that stresses teaching American Sign Language and English as a second language and promotes the teaching of deaf culture |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the oral approach to teaching students who are hearing impaired; stresses teaching the person to use her remaining hearing as much as possible; heavy emphasis on use of amplification; heavy emphasis of teaching speech |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in which children learn to use whatever hear they have, in combination with speech reading to understand and use spoken language |
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Term
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Definition
| a method aid speech-reading in people with hearing impairments; the speaker uses hand shapes to represent sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds that are different but that look the same with regard to movements of the face and lips |
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Term
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Definition
| Used simultaneously with oral methods in the total communication approach to teaching students who are deaf; different from American Sign Language because they maintain the same work order as spoken English |
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Term
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Definition
| spelling the English language by using various finger positions on one hand |
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Term
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Definition
| a method used by most sign language interpreters in which the signs maintain the same word order as that of spoken English; American Sign Language (ASL) is also used by some interpreters |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye even with correction, or has a field of vision so narrow that its widest diameter subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used by educators to refer to individuals whose visual impairment is not so severe that they are unable to read print of any kind; they may read large or regular print, and they may need some kind of magnification |
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Term
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Definition
| A transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil in the eye; responsible for most the refraction of light rays in focusing on an object |
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Term
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Definition
| a watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| The contractile opening in the middle of the iris of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the coloured portion of the eye; contracts or expands, depending on the amount of light striking it |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure that refines and changes the focus of the light rays passing through the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a transparent gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and the lens of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the back portion of the eye containing nerve fibres connected to the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| the nerve at the back of the eye which sends visual information back to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to see fine details; usually measured with the Snellen chart |
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Term
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Definition
| rintable Snellen eye chart you can download and print for home use to determine your visual acuity ie. 20/20 vision. If a person cannot achieve a visual acuity of 20/200 (6/60) or above in the better eye, even with the best possible glasses, then that person is considered legally blind in the United States. A person with a visual field narrower than 20 degrees also meets the definition of legally blind. |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to how well one uses vision, including such things as control of eye movements, attention to visual detail, and discrimination of figure from background; believed by some to be more important than visual acuity alone at predicting a person's ability to function visually |
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Term
| Functional Vision Assessment |
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Definition
| an appraisal of an individual's use of vision in everyday situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the bending of light rays as they pass through the cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, and vitreous humor of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearsightedness; vision for distant objects is affected; usually results when eyeball is too long |
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Term
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Definition
| farsightedness, vision for near objects is affected; usually results when the eyeball is too short |
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Term
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Definition
| Blurred vision caused by an irregular cornea or lens |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition, but not always, due to excessive pressure in the eyeball; the cause is unknown; if untreated, blindness results. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition caused by clouding of the lens of the eye; affects colour vision and distance vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition resulting from interference with the blood supply to the retina; the fastest growing cause of blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary condition resulting in degeneration of the retina; causes a narrowing of the field of vision and affects night vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by problems in peripheral vision, or a narrowing of the field of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by problems in seeing at low levels of illumination; often caused by retinitis pigmentosa |
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Term
| Cortical visual impairment (CVI) |
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Definition
| a poorly understood childhood condition that apparently involves dysfunction in the visual cortex; characterized by large day to day variations in visual ability |
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Term
| Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) |
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Definition
| a condition resulting in abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye; caused by factors related to premature birth, including the administration of oxygen at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the eyes are directed inward (crossed eyed) or outward |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which there are rapid involuntary movements of the eyes; sometimes indicates a brain malfunction and/or inner-ear problems |
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Term
| Orientation and mobility (O & M) Skills |
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Definition
| the ability to have a sense of where one is in relation to other people, objects and landmarks and to move through the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-sequential way conceptualizing the spatial environment that allows a person who is visually impaired to know where several points in the environment are simultaneously allows for better mobility than does a strictly sequential conceptualization of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a skill possessed by some people who are blind, whereby they can detect the presence of obstacles in their environments; research has shown that it is not an indication of an extra sense as popularly thought; it is the result of learning to detect subtle changes in the pitches of high-frequency echoes |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the phenomenon of the pitch of a sound rising as the listener moves toward its source. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand that speech flow can be broken down into smaller elements or sound units such as syllables and phonemes. It is generally thought that a lack of phonological awareness is the reason for reading problems of students with learning disabilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetitive behavious i.e. eye rubbing that is sometimes displayed by blind individuals who are severely intellectually disabled, or psychotic. Sometimes referred to as stereotypies or blindisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Braille symbols used for most writing situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Braille symbols used for math and science |
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Term
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Definition
| Braille codes for technical fields. Not widely adopted. |
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Term
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Definition
| system that makes it possible to write in Braille; has six keys, one for each of the six dots of the cell, that leaves an embossed print on the paper |
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Term
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Definition
| method of writing braille in which the paper is held in a slate while a stylus is pressed through openings to make indentations in the paper. |
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Term
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Definition
| Books that have a large font such as 18 point to aid reading |
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Term
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Definition
| can be for close vision i.e. a hand held magnifier or distance vision i.e. monocular telescope mounted on eyeglass frames. |
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Term
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Definition
| Award-winning scan and read software that makes printed or electronic text accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. It combines traditional reading machine technologies such as scanning, image processing, and text-to-speech with communication and productivity tools to ease and enhance users' reading, writing, and learning experiences. The software speaks text aloud in a variety of natural-sounding voices that can be modified to individual preferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portable device that can be used to take notes in Braille, which is then converted to speech, Braille or text |
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Term
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Definition
| a service allowing access via touch-tone phone to several national newspapers; available free of charge for those who are visually impaired |
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Term
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Definition
| Software for computes that magnifies images on the screen, converts text on the screen to speech, or both |
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Term
| Itinerant teacher services |
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Definition
| services for students who are visually impaired in which the special education teacher visits several different schools to work with students and their general education teachers; the students attend their local schools and remain in general education classrooms |
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Term
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Definition
| the parroting repetition of words or phrases either immediately after they are heard or later; often observed in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder |
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Term
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Definition
The American Psychiatric Association has just published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder has been modified based on the research literature and clinical experience in the 19 years since the DSM-IV was published in 1994.
Changes include:
The diagnosis will be called Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and there no longer will be subdiagnoses (Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, Disintegrative Disorder).
In DSM-IV, symptoms were divided into three areas (social reciprocity, communicative intent, restricted and repetitive behaviors). The new diagnostic criteria have been rearranged into two areas: 1) social communication/interaction, and 2) restricted and repetitive behaviors. The diagnosis will be based on symptoms, currently or by history, in these two areas.
Although symptoms must begin in early childhood, they may not be recognized fully until social demands exceed capacity. As in the DSM-IV, symptoms must cause functional impairment.
All of the following symptoms describing persistent deficits in social communication/interaction across contexts, not accounted for by general developmental delays, must be met:
Problems reciprocating social or emotional interaction, including difficulty establishing or maintaining back-and-forth conversations and interactions, inability to initiate an interaction, and problems with shared attention or sharing of emotions and interests with others.
Severe problems maintaining relationships — ranges from lack of interest in other people to difficulties in pretend play and engaging in age-appropriate social activities, and problems adjusting to different social expectations.
Nonverbal communication problems such as abnormal eye contact, posture, facial expressions, tone of voice and gestures, as well as an inability to understand these.
Two of the four symptoms related to restricted and repetitive behavior need to be present:
Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements or use of objects.
Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patters of verbal or nonverbal behavior, or excessive resistance to change.
Highly restricted interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus.
Hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
Symptoms must be present in early childhood but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed capacities. Symptoms need to be functionally impairing and not better described by another DSM-5 diagnosis.
Symptom severity for each of the two areas of diagnostic criteria is now defined. It is based on the level of support required for those symptoms and reflects the impact of co-occurring specifiers such as intellectual disabilities, language impairment, medical diagnoses and other behavioral health diagnoses. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of five pervasive developmental disorders; normal development for the first five months to four years, followed by regression and developmental delay; much more prevalent in females |
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Term
| Childhood Disintegrative disorder |
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Definition
| One of five pervasive development disorders; normal development for at least two and up to ten years, followed by significant loss of skills; much more prevalent in males |
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Term
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Definition
| a preservative used in vaccines that contains small traces of mercury, which in higher doses is know to cause neurological defects |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to communicate for social reasons; thought to be lacking in most children with autism |
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Term
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Definition
| a person with severe autism whose social and language skills are markedly delayed but who also has advanced skills in a particular area; such as calculation or drawing |
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Term
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Definition
| the dos and don'ts of social interactions that most people learn incidentally or with little instruction but that remain hidden for those with Asperger syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to regulate one's behaviour through working memory, inner speech, control of emotions and arousal levels, and analysis of problems and communication of problem solutions to others; delayed or impaired in those with ADHD and ASD |
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Term
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Definition
| the inclination to bring meaning to stimuli by conceptualizing it as a whole; thought to be weak in people with ASD |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to take another's perspective in a social exchange; the ability to infer another person's feelings, intentions, desires, etc, impaired in those with ASD |
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Term
| augmentative or alternative native communication |
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Definition
| Alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech |
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Term
| Functional behavioural assessment (FBA) |
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Definition
| evaluation that consists of finding out the consequences (what purpose the behaviour serves) antecedents (what triggers the behaviour) and setting environments (contextual factorial) that maintains inappropriate behaviours; this information can help teachers plan educationally for students |
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Term
| Positive Behavioural Support |
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Definition
| Systematic use of the science of behaviour to find ways of supporting desirable behaviour of an individual rather than punishing the undesirable behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Planning for a person's self determination; planning activities and services on the basis of a persons dreams, aspirations, interests, preferences, strengths and capacities |
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Term
| Community Residential Facility (CRF) |
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Definition
| A place usually a group home, in an urban or residential neighborhood where about three to ten adults with exceptionalities live under supervision |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to living arrangements for those with exceptionalities that stresses living in a natural environment, rather than institutions, big or small |
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Term
| Supported competitive employment |
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Definition
| a workplace where adults who have exceptionalities earn at least minimum wage and in which most workers do not have exceptionalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury to the brain (not including conditions present at birth, birth trauma or degenerative diseases or conditions) resulting in total or partial disability or psychosocial maladjustment that affects educational performance; may affect cognition, language, memory, attention, reasoning, abstract thinking, judgment, problem solving, sensory or perceptual and motor disabilities,psychosocial behaviour, physical behaviour, physical functions, information processing or speech |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain injury in which there is an open wound to the head, such as a gunshot wound or penetration of the head by an object, resulting in damage to the brain tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the brain that occurs without penetration of the skull; might be caused by a blow to the head or violent shaking by an adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic control of the environmental events, especially of consequences to produce specific changes in observable responses. May include reinforcement, punishment, modelling, self-instruction, desensitization, guided practice, or any other technique for strengthening or eliminating a particular response |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategies and techniques used to increase desirable behaviour and decrease undesirable behaviour. May be applied in the classroom, home, or other environment |
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Term
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Definition
| is a syndrome caused by a genetic disorder. It was first described in 1979. In 1981, the term "CHARGE" came into use as an acronym for the set of unusual congenital features seen in a number of newborn children.[1] The letters stand for: coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth and/or development, genital and/or urinary abnormalities, and ear abnormalities and deafness. These features are no longer used in making a diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome, but the name remains. CHARGE syndrome is the leading cause of congenital deaf/blindness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usher syndrome is the most common condition that affects both hearing and vision. A syndrome is a disease or disorder that has more than one feature or symptom. The major symptoms of Usher syndrome are hearing loss and an eye disorder called retinitis pigmentosa, or RP. RP causes night-blindness and a loss of peripheral vision (side vision) through the progressive degeneration of the retina. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye and is crucial for vision. As RP progresses, the field of vision narrows - a condition known as "tunnel vision" - until only central vision (the ability to see straight ahead) remains. Many people with Usher syndrome also have severe balance problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of the eye in which the pupil is abnormally shaped and/or there are abnormalities of the retina or optic nerve; can result in loss of visual acuity and extreme sensitivity to light |
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Term
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Definition
| Twelve cranial pairs of cranial nerves that connect the brain with various muscles and glands in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of closure of a part of the body that is normally open |
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Term
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Definition
| Air passage from the nose to the throat |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary condition resulting in degeneration of the retina; causes a narrowing of the field of vision and affects night vision |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious viral disease which, if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy , is likely to cause a deformity in the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| a herpes virus that can cause a number of exceptionalities |
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Term
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Definition
| a bacterial or viral infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord that can cause a number of exceptionalities |
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Term
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Definition
| a tactile learning strategy for persons who are deaf-blind; the teacher places his hands over those of the person who is deaf-blind and guides them to explore objects |
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Term
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Definition
| a tactile learning strategy for persons who are deaf-blind; the teacher places her hands underneath pat of the students hand or hands while the child is exploring objects |
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Term
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Definition
| signs adapted for use by people who are deaf-blind; tactually based rather than visually based, such as American sign language for those who are deaf but sighted |
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Term
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Definition
| tactual signals used to communicate with persons who are deaf-blind; can be used to signify a variety of messages |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively small card containing a message that alerts the public that the user is deaf-blind and needs assistance in crossing the street |
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Term
| Augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) |
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Definition
| alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| any repetitive, stereotyped activity that seems only to provide sensory feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviour causing injury or mutilation of oneself, such as self-biting or head-banging; usually seen in individuals with severe and multiple excetionalities |
|
|
Term
| Functional behavioural assessment (FBA) |
|
Definition
| evaluation that consists of finding out the consequences (purposes), antecedents (what triggers the behaviour)and setting events (contextual factors) that maintain inappropriate behaviours; this information can help teachers to plan educationally for students |
|
|
Term
| Positive behavioural support (PBS) |
|
Definition
| systematic use of the science of behaviour to find ways of supporting the desirable behaviour of an individual rather than punishing undesirable behaviour |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) |
|
Definition
| is an intensive-care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants. The first official ICU for neonates was established in 1961 at Vanderbilt University by Professor Mildred Stahlman, officially termed a NICU when Stahlman was the first to use a ventilator off-label to assist a baby with breathing difficulties. |
|
|
Term
| Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) |
|
Definition
| educational methods for young children that are compatible with their developmental levels and that meet their individual needs; coined by the US National Association for the Education of Young Chidren |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a facility that provides a structured environment for people with exceptionalities in which they can learn skills; can be either a transitional placement or a permanent arrrangement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a workplace that provides employment that pays at least minimum wage and in which most workers do not have exceptionalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; develops over ones' life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of planning for people with exceptionalities that places the person and her family at the center of the planning process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resources in a persons environment that can be used for support such as friends, family and co-workers |
|
|
Term
| Community residential facility (CRF) |
|
Definition
| a place, usually a group home, in an urban or residential neighborhood where about three to ten adults with intellectual disabilities live under supervision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hereditary disease characterized by progressive weakness caused by the degeneration of muscle fibres |
|
|
Term
| Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
|
Definition
| a systemic disease with major symptoms involving the muscles and joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal curvature of the spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lung disease characterized by episodic difficulty in breathing, particularly exhaling due to inflammation or obstruction of the air passages |
|
|
Term
| Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) |
|
Definition
| abnormalities associated wit the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects range from mild to severe including growth retardation, brain damage, intellectual impairments, hyperactivity, anomalies of the face, and hear failure; also called alcohol embryopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a device designed to restore partially or completely a loss of function of the body i.e. brace or crutch |
|
|
Term
| Individualized family service plan (IFSP) |
|
Definition
| a plan to provide services for young children with exceptionalities (under three years of age) and their families, drawn up by professionals and parents; similar to and IEP used for older children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remarkable early development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to separate and/or combine various pieces of information in new and creative and useful ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a word sometimes used to indicate a particular aptitude or capacity in any area; rare intellectual powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to express novel and useful ideas to sense and elucidate new and important relationships, and to as previously un-thought of but crucial questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special ability, aptitude or accomplishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to cognitive (intellectual) superiority, creativity, and movitation of sufficient magnitude to set the child apart from the vast majority of age peers and make it possible for the child to contribute something of particular value to society |
|
|
Term
| Percent requiring intervention with Communication Disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. Is there a link between conduct disorders and communication disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3-Components of Language |
|
Definition
1. Form
2. Content
3. Function |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of Language Form? |
|
Definition
1. Phonology: sounds and combination of sounds that make up language
2. Phonemes: any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.
3. Morphology: the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied context
4. Syntax: the rules of determining the ordering of words in a language i.e. verbs, subject, object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
morpheme is meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning, as the m of mat and the b of bat in English. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the three components of language. Content is the meaning of the words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the three components of language. Pragmatics are culturally bound rules of communication i.e. what is considered polite in some cultures is not in others |
|
|
Term
| Normals Language Development |
|
Definition
- already hearing by 7-months of gestation. Can recognize the mothers voice at birth
- Cooing
- Babling: ma ma ma, da da da
- say first word at about 1-years old
- gradual addition of words over the next 8-months
- 18 to 24 months see a peak of words produced
- then sentence structure for the next four years |
|
|
Term
| What is the most mispronounced phoneme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. By age 4 children add about 5 new words per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resembles the child's family or regions language |
|
|
Term
| Two disorders of communication |
|
Definition
1. Speech: The structure of Language
2. Language: Much broader |
|
|
Term
| When a child's speech in impaired |
|
Definition
| They can become distressed i.e. stuttering |
|
|
Term
| The nature of language disorders |
|
Definition
| Content and functions problems. Makes up about 50% of speech language pathologists cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4-Phases of Producing Speech |
|
Definition
1. Respiration: Proper projection of speech
2. Phonation: Vocal cords stretch and air vibrates to make sounds
3. Resonation: Air passes through the mouth and nose, proving quality of speech i.e. clearness
4. Articulation: Modify the vibration using the lips, teeth, mouth and tongue |
|
|
Term
| 3-types of Speech Disorders |
|
Definition
1. Articulation: The most common speech disorder requiring intervention. Look for any physical cause i.e. cleft palate
2. Voice: Quality, Strength and Modulation of voice. Can be resonance problems i.e. to much or too little air passing through the nose
3. Fluency Disorders: Cluttering too much information into one moment. Poor flow of language i.e. stuttering |
|
|
Term
| How does a Speech Language Pathologist determine severity of speech problems |
|
Definition
| A Speech Language Pathologist determines the percentage of intelligibility |
|
|
Term
| Families adapt to misarticulations and so are not a reliable source of feedback. True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How much coaching does the child require to produce the proper sound. |
|
|
Term
| Parents must be involved in speech therapy. True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4-types of Misarticulation Errors |
|
Definition
1. Substitution: one phoneme for another i.e wabbit instead of rabbit
2. Distortion: Modify phoneme by positioning of the mouth i.e. soup vs shoop
3. Omission: Leaves out a speech sound from a consonant blend i.e school vs cool |
|
|
Term
| 4 most misarticulated phonemes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentages by age of Misarticulation Speech problems requiring interventions |
|
Definition
16% of 3-year olds
4% of 6-year olds
1% of 1 year olds |
|
|
Term
| How to Treat Misarticulation |
|
Definition
Providing proper representation of sounds
Discrimination of sounds
Use a lot of positive reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| Why use Minimal Pairs for Speech Therapy? |
|
Definition
| Using Minimal Pairs allows the therapist to take advantage of different meanings that exist when a child pronounces both “bee” and “beep” as “bee” or “tie” and “dye” as “tie.” The pairs presented contain one sound that the child is able to produce and a target sound. In addition, the therapist can focus on key elements such as place of articulation, the presence or absence of voice, and how a sound is made. |
|
|
Term
| Phonological Delay or Awareness |
|
Definition
| If a child cannot discriminate the differences of sounds, the cannot reproduce the sound using speech |
|
|
Term
| Children receiving speech therapy were able to articulate words at these levels |
|
Definition
15% by Kindergarten
25% before grade 1
50% by the end of grade 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is an increased risk of reading problems is there is a phonological delay |
|
|
Term
| At what age might literacy acquisition be compromised if the child's words are not intelligible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what age do typically developing children stop misarticulating phonemes |
|
Definition
| By age 6 typically developing children stop misarticulating phonemes i.e R |
|
|
Term
| Lack of phoneme awareness has pervasive effect. True or False? |
|
Definition
| Lack of phoneme awareness can cause many years of speech problems. True |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of school age children stutter |
|
Definition
| 5% of school aged children stutter. Stuttering is a Fluency Disorder |
|
|
Term
| 95% of children only stutter in specific environments. True or False? |
|
Definition
| True. Stuttering is situational to some environments and not others. |
|
|
Term
| What are secondary features of Stuttering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stuttering is highly treatable. True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3-characteristic of Stuttering |
|
Definition
1. Repetitions
2. Prolongations
3. Interruptions |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the general population stutter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mean age of onset for stuttering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of stutters will recover without treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonging or elongating syllables to treat stuttering |
|
|
Term
| What is Delayed Feedback? |
|
Definition
| A child who stutters wears headphones and receives delayed feedback as they speak into a mic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A treatment for stuttering where and entire group read a book or passage |
|
|
Term
| Biofeedback Stuttering Modification |
|
Definition
| Train the child who stutters to relax their muscles when they are tense. Works better in the treatment setting than in the real world |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of children who will develop a chronic stuttering problem. |
|
Definition
| 34% and 66% will not develop a chronic stuttering problem |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of children will continue to stutter until age 7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific Language Disorder (SLI) |
|
Definition
| Was called Developmental Aphasia. It is not a neurological disorder. It is a failure of normal language development that cannot be explained by hearing loss, emotional disorders or environmental deprivation. A key marker is poor vocabulary. |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of Specific Language Disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic criteria of Specific Language Disorders? |
|
Definition
- scoring in the lowest 10%
- delayed vocabulary not due to IQ
- problems gaining information from language
- therapy is Behaviourist |
|
|
Term
| Expert in Specific Language Impairments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This technique encourages adults to prompt children with questions and engage them in discussions while reading to them. By expanding on the child’s responses, encouraging children to retell stories, and by reiterating the names, objects and events in the book, dialogic reading helps young children build and reinforce the basic language and literacy skills that will make them successful readers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Loudness: measured in decibels
2. Pitch: measured in Hertz |
|
|
Term
| 10 to 15 decibels above background noise |
|
Definition
| Can be picked up by normal hearing |
|
|
Term
| This many decibels will damage hearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Audio-metric Zero is the baseline used to determine a patients level of hearing |
|
|
Term
| Hertz/Frequency Humans can hear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is most important for speech |
|
|
Term
| Most common Hertz for Speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Will have trouble hearing and communicating if Hertz perception is below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Audiologists measure Tones between |
|
Definition
| 0 - 110 decibels and 125 - 8000 Hz |
|
|
Term
| Male and Female voices produce |
|
Definition
- different tones
- used in speech Audiometry |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
|
Definition
| The most severe hearing loss in the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| Infections of the ear canal or middle ear are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of Hearing Problem |
|
Definition
| Unilateral or Bilateral. Can also be different levels of hearing loss in either ear |
|
|
Term
| Is heredity a factor in hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| Yes, there are over 400 inherited hearing impairments |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of deaf children born to hearing parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most deaf parents will have hearing children. True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5-major causes of hearing loss or deafness |
|
Definition
1. Heredity: major source
2. Maternal Infections
3. Low Birth Weight
4. Infections
5. Otitis Media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection of middle ear that can cause scarring of the ear drum |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis and Hearing Loss |
|
Definition
| Is an infection that can damage the cochlea |
|
|
Term
| Hearing loss and prematurity and/or complications of pregnancy |
|
Definition
| low birth weight - under 2kg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A maternal infection. Causes hearing loss during 1st trimester. Major cause during 50's and 60's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound must exceed 26-40 decibels for person to hear. Problems hearing in groups. Might have vocabulary problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound must exceed 41-55 decibels for hearing. May require speech therapy, but stimulation from parents might be enough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 71-90 decibels. Niagara Falls is 91 dB. Will need speech language pathologist, strong hearing aids and will start to use vision as an aid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 91 decibels or more. Can feel vibrations, but very little hearing |
|
|
Term
| Percent with Severe to Profound Hearing Loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3-consequences of Profound Hearing Loss |
|
Definition
1. Language
2. Academics
3. Social Skills |
|
|
Term
| Profound Hearing Loss and Language Problems |
|
Definition
| Speak in short, rigid sentences and vocabulary is generally smaller. Also make more grammatical errors |
|
|
Term
| Profound Hearing Loss and Academic Skills |
|
Definition
Bellville has a school for the deaf and there is a University in the States.
In a study of 7000 deaf 16-18 year olds, they were reading at a grade 4 level and math at a grade 7 level |
|
|
Term
| Profound Hearing Loss and Social Skills |
|
Definition
| If a child can communicate via sign language, the better their social skills. The more communication in general, the better the social skills |
|
|
Term
| This causes is the biggest challenge for deaf children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consonants are harder than vowels for deaf children. True or False |
|
Definition
True
a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f] and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Contrasting with consonants are vowels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50% of words have lip movements that are very similar.
Most speech readers can only distinguish 25% of speech, but can use context to increase accuracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American Sign Language. Is separate language. Begin signing as early as 7-months. |
|
|
Term
| 3-Views on Teach Language to the Deaf Community |
|
Definition
1. Oral Approaches: Cochlear Implants
2. American Sign Language only
3. Total Communication: Both |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of Profoundly Deaf who speak or sign |
|
Definition
21.1% Speak Only
16.7% Sign Only
62.2% Speak and Sign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can see clearly at 20 feet
Measured with Snellen Chart
Can have better than 20/20 vision |
|
|
Term
| 20/20 vision on Snellen Chart |
|
Definition
| if can read line 28 on Snellen chart, have 20/20 vision. |
|
|
Term
| Vision testing with Children |
|
Definition
| Might determine if they can discriminate colours or a list of animals at different sizes |
|
|
Term
| Reason for defining legally blind |
|
Definition
| To allow access to services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between 20/200 and 20/70 in the better eye after correction |
|
|
Term
| What level of vision do school aged children who are visually impaired have |
|
Definition
| 75 to 85% have Low Vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teacher or child can change the font size in class |
|
|
Term
| Blind children with tend to walk on the balls of their feet. True or False? |
|
Definition
| True Blind children need to be taught how to walk normally |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of Children with Visual Impairment |
|
Definition
1 in 1000 live births
.05% of children from 6-17 years old
9.2% of children from birth to 14 years old who already have a disability
So, blindness is more common with children with have disabilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Congenital
2. Disorders of Ocular Mobility
3. Problems of Accommodation
4. Damage to the Retina
5. Damage to Optic Nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 of 5 causes of visual impairments.
Congenital Glaucoma: Aqueous Humor, drainage is blocked and causes pressure
80% of cases identified at birth in Western Society
Infantile/Juvenile Glaucoma develops after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 of 5 causes of visual impairments
Retinitis Pigmentosis
Usher's Syndrome
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) |
|
|
Term
| Problems of Accommodation (Vision) |
|
Definition
1 of 5 causes of visual impairments
The eye cannot properly adjust for seeing at different distances.
Lens: attached to muscles either stretches or bulges lens
Surgical interventions can help |
|
|
Term
| Disorders of Ocular Mobility |
|
Definition
1 of 5 causes of visual impairments
Strabismus: one eye is stronger than the other. The brain may ignore input from one eye. Usually can be helped with eye patch.
Amblyopia: An untreated lazy eye. Detecting the condition in early childhood increases the chance of successful treatment, especially if detected before the age of five |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 of 5 causes of visual impairments.
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deficits:
Social Communication and interactions
Repetitive and restrictive behaviours, odd interests and ritualistic behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 to 5 time more frequent in Boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Along a spectrum of levels of required support
3-levels from little support to a lot of support
Made change to help children access services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Applied Behaviour Analysis
Requires 40 hours per week
Works best with high functioning Autism and to SOME degree with lower functioning Autism. But can actually have a negative effect on Moderate and Lower functioning Autistic children.
Uses positive reinforcement. Food/Candy is the most effective reinforcer. |
|
|
Term
| Autistic Social Communication and Social Interactions |
|
Definition
2-levels
3-types of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| 3-levels of Autistic Social and Communication Deficits |
|
Definition
1. Social emotional
2. Non-verbal communication
3. Difficulties with Social Relationships |
|
|
Term
| Autism - Social and Emotional Reciprocity |
|
Definition
1 of 3 levels of Social and Communication Problems
- may sniff or lick instead of using eyes
- reduced sharing of interests
- lack of emotional response |
|
|
Term
| Autism - Non-Verbal Communication |
|
Definition
1 of 3 levels of Social and Communication Problems
- difficulty making eye contact
- weakened use of gestures i.e waving goodbye
- trouble reading non verbal cues of others
- speech and gestures used together in odd manner |
|
|
Term
| Autism - Difficulties with Social Relationships |
|
Definition
1 of 3 levels of Social and Communication Problems
- Not understanding perspective of others
- Difficulty adjusting to different environments, school, home
- often can be very blunt and unaware of it
- prefer solitary activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must show all 3 levels of Communication and Social Interaction Symptoms
Must show 2 of 4 Repetitive/Restricted Behaviours and Interests |
|
|
Term
| 4-Types of Repetitive/Restricted Behaviours and Interests (Autism) |
|
Definition
1. Atypical Speech Movements or Play
2. Highly Ritualized Activities and Resistance to Change
3. Preoccupations with Objects or Topics
4. Reactivity to Sensory Input |
|
|
Term
| Atypical Speech Movements or Play (Autism) |
|
Definition
1 of 4 Repetitive/Restricted Behaviours and Interests.
- Speak about themselves in the first person
- Persistent about topics that interest them
- Echolalia: repeating what others say
- vocalizations that are not words
- putting hands over ears or waving hands
- odd facial expressions
- arranging objects in certain orders
- open and closing doors, turning lights off and on |
|
|
Term
| Highly Ritualized Activities and Resistance to Change (Autism) |
|
Definition
1 of 4 Repetitive/Restricted Behaviours and Interests
- Same thing for breakfast every morning
- obsessive compulsive behaviours
- Very rigid perspective
- Do not understand sarcasm |
|
|
Term
| Preoccupation with Objects or Topics (Autism) |
|
Definition
1 of 4 Repetitive/Restricted Behaviours and Interests
- very focused interests i.e lawn mowers
- high intensity of interest
- unusual attachment to objects i.e teddy bear
- perfectionism, bordering of OCD
- unusual fears i.e people wearing earrings |
|
|
Term
| Reactivity to Sensory Input (Autism) |
|
Definition
1 of 4 Repetitive/Restricted Behaviours and Interests
- Hypo or hyper-reactive to noises
- certain texture may bother i.e wool
- seem not to react to pain |
|
|
Term
| Autistic Levels of Severity |
|
Definition
1. Requiring Support
2. Substantial Support
3. Very Substantial Support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Prevalent in early childhood
2. Limiting to daily functioning, social, academic and at home |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Characteristics of Autism |
|
Definition
1. 70-75% will have a learning disability
2. Approx 50% will have an IQ below 50 (require highest level of support)
3. 20% have normal intelligence
4. 30% have and IQ between 50 to 115
5. Around 50% fail to develop functional speech to communicate basic needs |
|
|
Term
| Course of Onset of Autism |
|
Definition
1. Onset in infancy or early childhood
2. Parents see sign within 1-year i.e communication, play, social responsiveness, repetitive behaviours
3. Greater gains with early intervention
4. Pattern of development largely dependent on degree of cognitive impairment
5. If severe to profound, functional speech unlikely |
|
|
Term
| Communication and Social Problems are pervasive throughout their lives (Autism). True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social Communication Disorder |
|
Definition
| Is similar but different from Autism |
|
|
Term
| Sunrise Treatment of Autism |
|
Definition
| There is no evidence it is effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No strong evidence it is effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some good interventions, but no cure for Autism |
|
|
Term
| Behavioural Approaches to Autism |
|
Definition
Effect interventions for Autism are Behavioural:
Applied Behavioural Analysis
Intensive Behavioural Intervention
Verbal Behavioural Analysis |
|
|
Term
| Reinforcements for Autism |
|
Definition
Want to pair reinforcement with a verbal reinforcement
The child should know that you are the key to the reinforcement
Rewards are immediate |
|
|
Term
| Discrete Learning Trial (Autism) |
|
Definition
Rewards are broken down into small steps
1. Immediate rewards
2. Ensure success
3. Increase demands
4. Chaining the discrete trial |
|
|
Term
| TDT The Discrete Trial (A,B,C's Behaviour) |
|
Definition
Presenting learning opportunities in which the students correct response will be reinforced.
1. Antecedent and Discriminative Stimulus (SP) i.e look at me
2. Behaviour Response (R) i.e child looks
3. Consequence - Stimulus Reinforcer (SR) i.e behaviourist says "Good Job" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-autosomal recessive disease
-chromosome 7
-1 in 4 chance if both parents are carriers
-endocrine glands effects the amount of chloride
-results in thick mucus
-less transmission of water from cell to cell
-more likely to have pulmonary diseases and lung infections
-pancreas does not produce enzyme to break down fat
-causes malnutrition and stunted growth
-stinky stool
-malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| Percent of children with Cystic Fibrosis below the 5th percentile for their weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic Enzymes
-high protein diet low in fat
-Chest Therapy: pounding or vest
-Medication to thin Mucus |
|
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Term
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Definition
- 1 to 4 times per day
- pounding is fairly hard, person can even hurt their hands
- PT "pounding treatment" |
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Term
| Prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis |
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Definition
- 1 in 1600 to 2500 live Caucasian births
- almost non-existent in China and Japan
- less frequent in African American's |
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Term
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Definition
- Sweat Test is the "Gold Standard"
- Blood Test |
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Term
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Definition
- only 10 - 20% identified at birth
- 50% detected during infancy from failure to thrive and gain weight
- Mild cases identified in adolescents or early adulthood
- Many children lead active lives
- Every year the prognosis gets better |
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Term
| Median Life Expectancy for CF |
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Definition
| Was 37 in 2008 and now is in the 40's |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression, Anxiety,Low Self-worth, Aggression, Social Withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disease in which the pancreas does not produce any insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body to control the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood. Without insulin, glucose builds up in your blood instead of being used for energy. - See more at: http://www.diabetes.ca/diabetes-and-you/living-with-type-1-diabetes#sthash.AlqCB7ye.dpuf |
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Term
| Type 1 Diabetes Treatment |
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Definition
Insulin therapy is required for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
There are a variety of insulins available to help manage diabetes. Insulin is injected by pen, syringe or pump. Your doctor will work with you to determine:
The number of insulin injections you need per day
The timing of your insulin injections
The dose of insulin you need with each injection
- See more at: http://www.diabetes.ca/diabetes-and-you/living-with-type-1-diabetes#sthash.AlqCB7ye.dpuf |
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Term
| Beta cells and Type 1 Diabetes |
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Definition
The main function of a beta cell is to produce and secrete insulin - the hormone responsible for regulating levels of glucose in the blood.
80 to 90% of Beta cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes |
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Term
| Type 1 Diabetes is a disorder of |
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Definition
is most common in children but can be diagnosed at any age.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that permanently destroys beta cells in the pancreas, meaning that the body can no longer produce insulin. |
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Term
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, formerly known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes |
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Definition
Is a globally common metabolic disorder that results from the body's ineffective use of insulin.
Accounting for roughly 90% of all diabetes cases worldwide, type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with excess body weight and a lack of physical activity, and is now becoming more common in young adults, teens and children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type 3 diabetes is a title that has been proposed for Alzheimer's disease which results from resistance to insulin in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
- Eye Disease
- Heart Disease
- Kidney Disease: produce excess urine to regulate sugar and over-works kidneys |
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Term
| Prevalence Type 1 Diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| Symtoms of Type 1 Diabetes |
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Definition
Hunger, Thirst and Weight Loss, usually well before the age of 30.
Can also have blurred vision |
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Term
| Genetic Predisposition for Type 1 Diabetes? |
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Definition
| Twin Studies support this theory. |
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Term
| Type 1 Diabetes Prevalence |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevalence of Type II Diabetes |
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Definition
| 4.1 per 1000 12-19 year olds. Used be called a disorder of the elderly. |
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Term
| Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes |
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Definition
Obesity is primary factor
Diabetes in the family |
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Term
| Management of Type II Diabetes |
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Definition
Nutrition
Exercise
May include glucose lowering medication
entire family needs to embrace healthy lifestyle |
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Term
| Increase of BMI in children from 1971 to 2000 |
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Definition
| The top 5% (95th Percentile of Obesity) has risen three fold |
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Term
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Definition
Brain Lesion or abnormality of brain growth
Causes disorder of movement and posture |
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Term
| Severity of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Varies Greatly
Does not get progressively worse |
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Term
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Definition
| Not thought to be inherited |
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Term
| Cerebral Palsy and Intelligence |
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Definition
| It is estimated that 2/3rds have below average IQ, but intelligence tests may not reflect true intelligence |
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Term
| Relationship between Motor Impairment and Intelligence |
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Definition
| There is no relationship between the degree of motor impairment and lack of intelligence |
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Term
| Consequences of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
May have little or no control of their arms, legs, speech
May have impaired vision or hearing
May have intellectual impairments |
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Term
| Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
At birth only with very severe cases
Usually before 18-months |
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Term
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Definition
| Cerebral Palsy causes hypotonic - poor muscle tone in infants. The muscles then become Hypertonic or very stiff and rigid |
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Term
| When is Cerebral Palsy developed |
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Definition
70% before birth
20% during birth because of anoxia
10% acquired after birth because of an accident or child abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Much higher in developing countries |
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Term
| Incidence of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
about 1.5 for 1000 live births
Has been at this rate for about 20-years |
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Term
| Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Mental retardation of Mother
Premature birth, gestational age of 32 weeks or less
Low birth weight
A 5-min delay before the infants first cry
APGAR test |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3-Types of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
1. Muscle Tone (Spastic - Hypertonic)
2. Athetoid & Ataxic: Quality of Motor Function
3. Mixed Form |
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Term
| 1. Spastic Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Hypertonic 70 to 80% of cases
-maybe unable to grasp objects with hands
-Massage can help a bit
-May have deformities of the spine, hands, elbows, foot and knee are common
-sometimes only one side of body affected |
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Term
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Definition
| Tense face and speech in those with Cerebral Palsy |
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Term
| Spastic Type Cerebral Palsy. 4-terms indicating the areas of the body that are affected? |
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Definition
1. Diplegia: The Legs are mainly affected. Usually those of the legs, hips and pelvis
2. Hemiplegia: Only one side of the body is affected
3. Quadriplegia: The entire body is affected
Paraplegia: the lower body and both legs affected |
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Term
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Definition
Athetoid Cerebral Palsy represent 20% of children with CP.
Make large and irregular, twisting movements
Planning of movements is diffucult
Extreme difficulty with expressive language |
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Term
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Definition
5% of children with CP
Tremors
Poor sense of motor movements
Appear off Balance
Poor use of Hands |
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Term
| Mixed Forms of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
| Most common mixed form is Spasticity and Athetoid |
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Term
| Interventions for Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Must work with multi-disciplinary team
Physical therapist
Occupational therapy
Speech Language Therapy
Technology to facilitate movement i.e. braces and massage to put the knee and foot in the best position |
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Term
| Alternative Communication Devices AAC |
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Definition
| May be used by those with Cerebral Palsy |
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Term
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Definition
Computer might have pictures that represent sounds
Individual looks at picture and creates speech
IEP funding and decisions needed |
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Term
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Definition
Congenital defect in the vertebrae that enclose the spinal cord
Failure of the Neural tube to close in the first 26 or 27 days of development
Portion of the spinal cord and nerves may not develop normally
Effects muscle control and sensation in lower parts of body |
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Term
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Definition
| .1 to 4.1 in 1000 live births |
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Term
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Definition
1. Occulta Spina Bifida: Bulging of neural tissue, but many not even notice protrusion
2. Meningocele Spina Bifida: Meninges protruding
3. Myelomeningocele: Meninges and Spinal cord protruding |
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Term
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Definition
1 of 3 types of Spina Bifida
40% of Cases
Mildest form
No loss of function
Little malformation of lower spine |
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Term
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Definition
1 of 3 types of Spina Bifida
Meninges that that surrounds the spinal cord bulges through opening of infants back at birth
Surgery used to tuck it back in
Only 4% of cases
No loss of function |
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Term
| Myelomeningocele Spina Bifida |
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Definition
1 of 3 types of Spina Bifida
Most common type 56%
Spinal cord, not just spinal fluid protruding
Loss of function in lower limbs
Can also be accumulation of cerebral fluid in the brain |
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Term
| Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida |
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Definition
70 to 90% of Spina Bifida cases
Cerebro Spinal Fluid fills ventricles in the brain, pushing the brain against the skull
Can drain in abdomen |
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Term
| Folic Acid and Spina Bifida |
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Definition
Folic Acid deficiencies (type of Vitamin B) is strongly implicated in Spina Bifida
Not know whether Spina Bifida is inherited |
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Term
| Six theories and research based on Learning Disorders has established the following |
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Definition
1. An emphasis on biological maturation
2. An emphasis on behavioural psychology
3. An emphasis on information processing
4. An emphasis on a linguisticor nativist perspective
5. An emphasis on Cognitive Skills
6. An emphasis on Social Interaction |
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Term
| By adulthood vocabulary has about this many words |
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Definition
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Term
| Children with Language Disorders often have difficulty with one of these Five Types of Language Disorders |
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Definition
1. Phonological Disorders
2. Morphological Disorders
3. Syntactical Disorders
4. Semantic Disorders
5. Pragmatics Disorders |
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Term
| What percent of children who show language disorders in kindergarten will have language disorders in grade 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early expressive Language delay (EELD) |
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Definition
| a significant lag in expressive language that the child will not outgrow |
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Term
| Phonological Disorders occur in children younger than what age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Those who stutter for this many years are at risk of becoming chronic stutterers |
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Definition
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Term
| The condition that accounts for most Dysarthia in children |
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Definition
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Term
| Two purposes of language assessment |
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Definition
1. determine the child's current language abilities
2. observe the ease and speed the child develops new language skills |
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Term
| An intervention plan based on language assessment must include? |
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Definition
1. Content
2. Form
3. Social Context
4. Use of language |
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Term
| The primary role of the classroom teacher in developing language |
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Definition
| To facilitate the social use of language |
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Term
| If children could be given better parenting intervention might not be necessary |
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Definition
| True. By the time a child is 3, even intensive cannot makeup for good parenting. |
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Term
| Some children are late bloomers and will catch up with their peers. |
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Definition
| True. But others will continue to lag,so it is important to intervene early. |
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Term
| Peer tutors can help in the development of their classmates |
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Definition
| Yes, during play times and establishing eye contact and requesting clarification on what the child with the exceptionality says |
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Term
| Some differences in how language develops in infants that are visually impaired |
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Definition
Early delay, first words tend to come slightly later.
Once producing words, speeds up to match
o Develops sense of touch differently. Seeing with fingers. |
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Term
| Physiological vs Educational viewpoint of deafness/hearing impairment |
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Definition
Physiological primarily interested in measurable degree of hearing impairment.
Educational concerned with how much hearing impairment affects child's ability to speak and develop langauge. |
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Term
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Definition
deaf: generally do not sign and are not part of the deaf community.
Deaf: generally do sign and identify with deaf community |
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Term
| Developmental milestones and Signing vs Spoken English |
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Definition
| Evidence indicates deaf children reach the same language milestones in sign as typically developing children in spoken language, at about the same time. |
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Term
| Six factors indicating the Deaf as an independent culture |
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Definition
1. Linguistic Differences
2. Attitudinal Differences
3. Behavioural Norms
4. Endogamous Marriage Patterns
5. Historical Awareness
6. Voluntary Organizational Networks |
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Term
| ASL vs Signing English Systems |
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Definition
| Signing English Systems are not true languages |
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Term
| Gallaudet University and The National Institute for the Deaf |
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Definition
| Two post secondary institutions for the Deaf. Post secondary education increases employment among the Deaf culture |
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Term
| 95% if deaf adults choose deaf spouses? |
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Definition
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Term
| The least prevalent exceptionality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye |
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Definition
1. Light passes through cornea: refracts the light rays to focus them
2. Light passes through aqueous humor: liquid between cornea and lens
3. Light passes through pupil: contractible opening in the middle of the iris
4. Light passes through lens: refines and adapts focus of light rays
5. Light passes through vitreous humor: gelatinous liquid filling center of eye
6. Focused light hits retina: back of the eye
7. Retina sends light image up the nerve fibers
8. Nerve fibers attach to optic nerve, which carries the information to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
• Snellen chart: rows of letters of different sizes
o Measures ability to distinguish letters from various distances
In feet: 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 200
o Generally people are tested to the 20 foot mark, this is 20/20 central visual acuity for far distances
o If a person can only identify to the 50-foot row, they are said to have 20/50 central visual acuity for far distances |
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Term
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Definition
| Software that magnifies or converts on-screen text to speech |
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Term
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Definition
Merely placing a blind and sighted preschooler together will not lead to interaction. The teachers must provide instruction.
Also blind children learn best through active engagement with their evironment |
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Term
| How many times more Autism is there than Downs Syndrome and Juvenile Diabetes |
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Definition
| 5 times more than Downs Syndrome and 3 times more than Juvenile Diabetes |
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Term
| 3-Most prominent theories identifying of Austism |
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Definition
1. Executive Functions
2. Weak Central Coherence: ie cannot see the forest for the trees, caught up in details
3. Theory of mind: Not able take another's perspective |
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Term
| Picture Exchange Communication PECS |
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Definition
uses pictures to help autistic children communicate.
Includes 6-phases i.e. teach students to request desired items (food) in by exchanging a picture card, eventually reinforcing only with the word, phrase or sentence of the picture |
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Term
| Five main components of the Autism Spectrum Inclusion Collaboration Model: |
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Definition
1. Environmental and Curricular Modifications
2. Attitudinal and Social Support
3. Coordinated Team Commitment
4. Recurrent Evaluations of Inclusion Practices.
5. Home School Collaboration |
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Term
| Skills that should be focused on most for those with Autism Spectrum Disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevalence of Brain Injuries among school aged children |
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Definition
| about 0.5% will acquire a brain injury |
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Term
| Dominant cause of TBI under the age of five |
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Definition
Accidental Falls
Car accidents and child abuse come in a close second |
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Term
| The outcomes for those with deaf-blindness depend on at least three things: |
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Definition
1. The quality and intensity of instruction the person receives
2. The degree and type of visual and audio impairment
3. Other exceptionalities and medical conditions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Genetic Chromosomal
2. Prenatal Conditions
3. Postnatal Conditins |
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Term
| There are over 50 genetic/chromosomal syndromes associated with deaf blindness. The two most common are: |
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Definition
CHARGE Syndrome
Usher Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Inherited, not chromosomal damage
Three types of Usher Syndrom
Main symptoms: hearing loss, vision loss, balance problems
Incidence if very low |
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Term
| 3-Main Challenges of children who are deaf-blind |
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Definition
1. accessing information
2. communicating
3. navigating the environment |
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Term
| Two main conditions that cause deaf-blindness |
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Definition
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Term
| How many recessive genes is each of us thought to carry that can cause excpetionalities |
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Definition
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Term
| The biggest obstacle faced by those with deaf-blindness |
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Definition
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Term
| Validity of Facilitated Communication with the deaf-blind |
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Definition
| It appears to communicate the facilitator not the deaf-blind person or child |
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Term
| How does Positive Behavioural Management differ from Traditional Behavioural Modification? |
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Definition
| Traditional behavioural modification focuses on elimination of target behaviours, but does not take into account environmental and/or personal triggers |
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Term
| Six criteria considered essential to early intervention programs |
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Definition
1. Research based practices
2. Family centered practices
3. Multicultural perspective
4. Cross disciplinary collaboration
5. Developmentally age-appropriate practices
6. Adherence to the principle of normalization |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary movements and difficulty with balance, associated with choreoathetoid cerebral palsy |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Cerebral Palsy is a developmental disability or a motor disability |
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Definition
| CP is a developmental disability far more complex and multidiabling than a motor disability alone |
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Term
| Learning disorders and Epilepsy |
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Definition
Those with Epilepsy have the same distribution of normal intelligence as the general population.
Among those with intellectual impairments, learning disabilities appear to be higher though
Also, they have more emotional and behavioural problems |
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Term
| Besides paralysis. Spina bifida can cause: |
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Definition
| problems in spatial orientation, spatial judgement, sense of direction and distance, organization of motor skills and body awareness |
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Term
| Two most common types of musculoskeletal conditions affecting children |
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Definition
| Muscular Dystrophy and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Term
| How common is fetal alcohol syndrome? |
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Definition
| It is now one of the most common syndromes involving malformations and intellectual impairment. Seen in about 1 in 1000 live births. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| often acquire neurological problems, including intellectual impairment, cerebral palsy, seizures and emotional and behavioural problems |
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Term
| Two major effects of a physical disability on academic achievement: |
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Definition
1. May be deprived of educationally relevant experiences
2. Might not be able to manipulate educational materials |
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Term
| What is an Adapted Physical Education Plan APE? |
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Definition
students receive an APE when their disability requires a physical education program different from that of their peers.
The difference can be in the form of an alternative activity, an instructional modification or adaptation, or different criteria for success |
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