loss of speech functions; often, but not always, refers to inability to speak because of brain loss

-          Loss of ability to process and use language

-          Most prevalent causes of language disorders in adults, often occurring after a stroke

abnormal production of speech sounds

-          Treatment: discrimination and production activities

   a divers set of nonspeech communication strategies and methods diverse set of nonspeech communication strategies and methods to assist individuals who cannot meet their communication needs through speech; includes sign language, symbol systems, communication boards, and synthetic speech devices.

a congenital split in the palate that results in an excessive nasal quality of the voice.  Can often be repaired by surgery or a dental appliance

   a type of fluency disorder in which speech is very rapid, with extra sounds or mispronounced sounds; speech may be garbled to the point of unintelligibility; compare to stuttering

 the interactive exchange of information, ideas, feelings, needs, and desires

                ASHA def- an impairment in the ability to receive, send, process,and comprehend concepts of verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbols systems

                IDEA def- a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance

Functions of communication

-          Narrating

-          Explaining/ informing

-          Requesting

-          Expressing

Communication involves

-          A message

-          A sender who expresses the message

-          A receiver who responds to the message

an impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbols systems…disorder may be evident in the processes of hearing, language, and/or speech

a variety within a specific language; can involve variation in pronunciation, word choice, word order, and inflected forms.

  a group of speech disorders caused by neuromuscular impairments in respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation

  a language impairment that interferes with the production of language; contrast with receptive disorder

a speech disorder characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and repetitions in sounds, syllables, words, and phrases; see stuttering, cluttering

-          Treatment: behavioral principles and self-monitoring

  smallest level of written language that corresponds to one phoneme; e.g., the graphem t represents the phoneme/t/

 a system (formalized code) used by a group of people for giving meaning to sounds, words, gestures, and other symbols to enable communication with one anther.

-          Can be vocal, non vocal symbols

Five dimensions of language

-          Phonology

-          Morphology

-          Syntax

-          Semantics

-     pragmatics

impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems

Language disorders

-          children who have difficulty understanding language have a receptive language disorder (very important, receptive problem is more difficult to deal with

-          children who have difficulty producing language have an expressive language disorder

-          communication differences are not disorders

     Treatment: vocabulary building, naturalistic interventions

Characteristics of Communication Disorders

-          Speech and sound errors (deals with speech not language)

o   Distortions

o   Substitutions

o   Omissions

o   Additions

-          Articulation disorders

o   A child is physically unable to produce a given sound

-          Phonological disorders

o   A child has the ability to produce a given sound and does so correctly in some instances but not others

-          Fluency disorders

o   Stuttering and cluttering are examples of fluency disorders

-          Voice disorders

o   A phonation disorder causes the voice to sound breathy, hoarse, husky, or strained

o   Resonance disorders are hypernasality or hyponasality

-          Language impairments

o   An expressive language impairment interferes with production of language

o   A receptive language impairment interferes with understanding of language

Prevalence

-          About 2.5% of school-age children receive special education for speech and language impairments

-          19% of all children receiving special education services are served in this category

o   The second largest disability category under IDEA

-          Nearly twice as many boys as girls have speech impairments

-          Children with articulation and spoken language (expressive not receptive) problems represent the largest category of speech-language impairments

Causes of Language Disorders

-          Cognitive limitations or mental retardation

-          Hearing impairments

-          Behavioral disorders

-          Environment deprivation

-          Aphasia

Causes of Speech Disorders

-          Cleft palate

-          Paralysis of the speech muscles

-          Absence of teeth

-          Craniofacial abnormalities

-          Enlarged adenoids

-          Traumatic brain injury

-          Dysarthia

Identification and Assessment of Communication Disorders

-          Communication disorders are usually first identified by teacher observations

-          Evaluation components

o   Case history

o   Physical examination

o   Articulation test

o   Auditory discrimination

o   Phonological awareness

o   Vocabulary and overall language development test

o   Language samples

o   Observation in natural settings

Normal Development of Speech and Language

-          Most children follow relatively predictable sequences in there acquisition of speech and language

o   Birth to 6 months: communication by smiling, crying, and babbling

o   7 months to 1 year: babbling becomes differentiated

o   1 to 1.6 years: learns to say several words

o   1.6 to 2 years: words “spurt” begins

o   2 to 3 years: talks in sentences, vocabulary grows

o   3 years on: vocabulary grows

-          Knowledge of normal language development can help determine slower language developement

  the smallest element of a language that carries meaning

  refers to the basic units of meaning in a language and how those units are combined into words

   the smallest unit of sound that can be identified in a spoken language.  The English language has 45 phonemes or sound families

a language disorder in which the child produces a given sound correctly in some instances but not at other times

-          Treatment:  discrimination and production activities

  refers to the linguistic rules governing a language’s sound system

  refers to the rules that govern how language is used in a communication context

a language disorder characterized by difficulty in understanding language; contrast with expressive language disorder

  refers to the meaning of language

  the oral production of language used to communicate using breath and muscles to create the specific sounds of spoken language

Four related processes that produce speech

-          respiration: breathing that provides power

-          phonation: production that provides power

-          resonation: sound quality shaped by throat

-          articulation: formation of recognizable speech by the mouth

Speech impairment  

speech that “deviates so far from the speech of other people that it

1.       Calls attention to itself

2.       Interferes with communication

3.       Provokes distress in the speaker or the listener

The three basic types of speech impairments

-           Articulation disorders

-           Fluency disorders

-          Voice disorders

   fluency disorder of speaking marked by rapid-fire repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds, especially at the beginning of words; prolongations; hesitations; interjections; and complete verbal blocks; compare to cluttering

  the system of rules governing the meaningful arrangement of words in a language

abnormal production and/or absence of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration, which is inappropriate for an individual’s age and/or sex

Educational Placement Alternatives for Communication Disorders

-          The vast majority of children with speech and language impairments are served in regular classes

-          Some examples of service delivery models:

o   Monitoring

o   Pullout

o   Collaborative consultation

o   Classroom-based

o   Separate classroom

o   Community-based

o   combination