Term
| THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA are |
|
Definition
| Interventions could include vitamin E, soy products,oat bran, relaxation therapy, guided imagery, music therapy, garlic & parsley for hypertension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Angina, Cough, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Palpitations |
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Term
| Briefly explain POLYCYTHEMIA |
|
Definition
| Chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased RBC mass, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis & increased Hb concentration. Occurs between the ages of 40-60 to male of Jewish ancestry. Mortality is |
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Term
| Briefly explain Positive Homan's sign |
|
Definition
| The sign is positive (indicative of a problem) if, when the examiner flexes your foot, you feel pain in the calf. A positive Homan's sign helps diagnose deep vein thrombosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular disease linked to cigarette smoking & Jewish ancestry between the ages of 20-40 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exercises used to empty engorged vessels, stimulate circulation, & at least partially relieve swelling (edema) in patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs & feet |
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Term
|
Definition
| NPO status to reduce risk of aspiration, administer meds, fluids, oxygen to maximize cardiac, pulmonary & renal Fx. Use of IABP |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Other risk factors include stress, sedentary life-style,hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, increased cholesterol, alcohol intake |
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Term
|
Definition
| ) - complication of diseases & conditions that |
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Term
| COAGULATION (DIC) is confirmed by |
|
Definition
| prolonged PT greater than 15 seconds, prolonged PTT greater than 60-80 seconds, fibrinogen levels less than 150 mg/dl, platelets less than 100,000/ul, & a positive D-dimer test specific for DIC |
|
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Term
| COAGULATION (DIC) s/s are |
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Definition
| abnormal bleeding without history of serious |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bed rest & transfusion with fresh frozen plasma, platelets, & packed RBCs. Interventions- complete bed rest protects the patient from injury. Apply pressure to injection sites for at least 10 minutes to prevent hemorrhage. Weight the patient daily to |
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Term
| Drug treatment for CARDIOGENIC SHOCK includes |
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Definition
| adrenergic (epinephrine_, digoxin, dopamine, |
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Term
| Explain Buerger's Disease as it relates to exercise |
|
Definition
| Exercise or walking will bring on rapid fatigue, pain, & leg cramps. The feet or hands may turn pale or feel cold. The pain may be increased by exposure to cold, & painful ulcers or gangrene may develop |
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Term
| Explain IABP (intra-aortic balloon pump) as it relates to CARDIOGENIC SHOCK |
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Definition
| An inflatable balloon is inserted through the femoral artery into the descending aorta. Coronary artery perfusion increases when the aortic valve closes & the balloon inflates during diastole (rest). It deflates during systole (squeeze) to reduce cardiac workload |
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Term
| relates to ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM |
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Definition
| Includes decreasing hypertension, myocardial |
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Term
| Explain prevention as it relates to anginal pain? |
|
Definition
| Prevention is the best treatment & includes reducing risk factors, reducing calories, fats, salt & getting regular exercise. |
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Term
| Explain signs & symptoms of right-side of the heart failure |
|
Definition
| edema, swelling, dependent edema, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly & weight gain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aimed at vasodilation, pain relief, & maintaining skin integrity. Do NOT use a heating pad to keep extremities warm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hereditary bleeding disorder affecting only males. Inherited as x-linked recessive traits |
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Term
| HEMOPHILIA is confirmed by |
|
Definition
| Factor VIII assay reveals 0-25% of normal factor VIII |
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Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous or severe bleeding after minor trauma (excessive bleeding at circumcision), subcutaneous & intramuscular hematoma, prolonged bleeding after major trauma/surgery (up to 8 days), hematuria, joint tenderness, pain & swelling in a weight-bearing joint (hip, knee or ankle), tarry stools |
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Term
|
Definition
| Administer cryoprecipitate antihemophilic fact to |
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Term
| How is heart failure diagnosed as it relates to the left side of the heart |
|
Definition
| by chest x-ray that shows increased pulmonary |
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Term
| How is heart failure diagnosed for the right side of the heart? |
|
Definition
| R sided failure shows pulmonary congestion, |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduced blood volume causes circulatory |
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|
Term
| HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK s/s are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 30. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK TX are |
|
Definition
| blood & fluid replacement, control of bleeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase the intake of vitamin C. iron injection deep into the muscle using Z-track technique to avoid subQ irritation & discoloration from leaking drug. |
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Term
| IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA s/s are |
|
Definition
| Pallor, sensitivity to cold, weakness & fatigue. Diagnosis (Dx)- decreased Hb, HCT, iron |
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Term
| IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA TX is |
|
Definition
| Diet high in iron, fiber, & protein with increased fluids. Avoid teas & coffee which reduce absorption of iron |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the fibroserous sac that envelops, supports & protects the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic, progressive, macrocytic anemia caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor which prevents the absorption of dietary vitamin B12. Without intrinsic factor RBCs are defective as they mature |
|
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Term
| PERNICIOUS ANEMIA is confirmed by , what do these test revea |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow aspiration shows increased |
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Term
| PERNICIOUS ANEMIA s/s are |
|
Definition
| tingling & paresthesia of hands & feet, weight loss, anorexia, dyspepsia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diet high in iron & protein & restricting highly |
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Term
| POLYCYTHEMIA nursing interventions are |
|
Definition
| Interventions include administering juice or water to replace fluid volume lost during procedure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clubbing of the digits (cystic fibrosis), dizziness, |
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Term
|
Definition
| Phlebotomy (350-500ml removed every other day until the patient's HCT is reduced to low-normal), plasmapheresis. Drug TX includes chemotherapy & myelosuppressive drugs & antigout agents (Allopurinol). |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital hematologic disease that causes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased RBC, elevated WBC & platelet counts, decreased ESR. Hb electrophoresis shows HbS. During crisis include warm compresses to painful areas, (cold aggravates the condition) maintain bed rest to reduce workload on the heart & to reduce pain, encourages fluid intake to prevent dehydration, |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventricular fib arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| 3 EKG Changes: Rapid/chaotic ventricular rhythm No discernible P's Wide/irregular QRS complex |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 EKG Changes: No rate or rhythm No P waves No QRS complex No T waves |
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|
Term
| Atrial fibrillation arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| 5 EKG Changes: Irregular atrial rhythm Rate> |
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Term
|
Definition
| EKG: enlarged Q wave, elevated ST segment, T wave inversion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Identifying & treating life-threatening arrhythmias (duh!) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complications include arrhythmias, CHF, & MI. Dx - EKG: ST depression, T wave inversion during acute pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complications: angina, MI, CHF, & |
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Term
| PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE |
|
Definition
| Complications include gangrene, & pressure sores |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dx Is made by serial blood pressure readings with a systolic greater than 140 & a diastolic greater than 90. Take two or more blood pressure readings rather than relying on one single abnormal reading |
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Term
|
Definition
| S/S: SOB, dyspnea, & a moist cough. Also crackles, & gallop rhythm: S3 & S4 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-modifiable risk factors include age (over 50), gender (male) with increased incidence of disease in postmenopausal women (loss of the protective effects of estrogen) & family history |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nursing Interventions: Spiritual/religious beliefs of Jehovah's witness to refuse blood transfusions. Interventions include correcting fluid volume deficit, monitoring for adequate urine output, provide emotional support to the patient & his family to help them cope & relieve anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nursing Interventions: Monitoring for arrhythmias & ischemia, monitor for hypokalemia (s/e of diuretics), monitor respiratory & cardiovascular status for signs of |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Risk factors include coarctation of the aorta, Marfan's syndrome, pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot & ventricular septal defect |
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|
Term
| ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM |
|
Definition
| S/S: Severe ripping, boring pain of the shoulder, neck, lower back or abdomen. Bradycardia, pericardial friction rub, pulse intensity disparity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| S/S: Sweating, pallor, nausea, vomiting, cool |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| S/S: cold, clammy skin, hypotension with a narrow pulse pressure, oliguria (less than 30 ml/hr), S3 & S4 heart sounds, tachycardia, tachypnea, & weak, thready pulse |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| S/S: Severe localized pain, discoloration & swelling that usually occurs within 72 hours of surgery or trauma. Tachycardia, tachypnea & hypotension related to toxemia & hypovolemia. |
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|
Term
| PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE |
|
Definition
| S/S: moderate edema, burning, itching, prominent superficial veins, ulcers & skin changes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| S/S: tingling & numbness, blanching that is relieved with warming |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6 TX: Includes bed rest, restricted sodium diet, |
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Term
|
Definition
| DX: EKG may show atrial fibrillation. Three or more blood cultures identify the causative organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| CAUSES: alcoholism, infection, metabolic & |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| INTERVENTIONS: low-sodium diet, fluid restriction, IABP, O2 therapy, ACE inhibitors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| NSG INTERVENTIONS: Bed rest to decrease oxygen demands on the heart, relieve dyspnea & chest pain by placing the patient in an upright position, reassurance to promote patient comfort & allay anxiety. |
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Term
|
Definition
| NSG INTERVENTIONS: Keeping the patient in semifowler's position to increase chest expansion & improve ventilation. Administer O2 to enhance arterial oxygenation. Monitor patient for fluid gain. Plan periods of relaxation for patients with cardiac failure. Restrict fluid intake after two consecutive days of weight gain. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| NSG INTERVENTIONS: Prevent anaphylaxis (history of drug allergies before implementing antibiotic), watch for signs of embolization (hematuria, pleuritic chest pain, LUQ pain & paresis, monitor renal status (BUN, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NSG INTERVENTIONS: Watching for signs of Lanoxin toxicity (anorexia, n/v, blurred, vision) & stress the importance of bed rest to decrease oxygen demands on the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What are the nursing interventions for patients with valvular diseases? |
|
Definition
| NSG INTERVENTIONS: Placing the patient in an upright position to relieve dyspnea, maintain bed rest etc. to decrease oxygen demands on the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually none, asymptomatic. Hypertension strains the heart & lungs & may result in left ventricular hypertrophy, failure, CHF or pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs & symptoms of Tricuspid insufficiency |
|
Definition
| Dyspnea, Fatigue, Peripheral edema, |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs & symptoms of Tricuspid insufficiency Mitral insufficiency |
|
Definition
| Angina, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Orthopnea, peripheral edema |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs & symptoms of Tricuspid insufficiency Mitral stenosis |
|
Definition
| dyspnea on exert fatigue orthopnea palpitations peripheral edema weakness |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs & symptoms of Tricuspid insufficiency Mitral valve prolapse |
|
Definition
| Asymptomatic Palpitations Chest Pain Fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asymptomatic, Irregular pulse |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs & symptoms of Asystole arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| Apnea Cyanosis No palpable blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chills, fatigue, loud, regurgitant murmur, malaise, night sweats, weakness, weight loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crushing substernal pain that may radiate to the jaw, back, & arms. It last longer than anginal pain & is unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin. May also be asymptomatic. diaphoresis, pallor, arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arrhythmias (S3 & S4 gallops, faint S1), dyspnea, fatigue, fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Friction rub (grating sound heard as the heart moves) Sharp sudden pain in the sternum that radiates to the neck, shoulders, back & arms (increasing with deep inspiration & decreasing when the patient sits up & leans forward). |
|
|
Term
| ventricular fib arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| Apnea Pulselessness No Palpable blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| ventricular tachycardia arrhythmia |
|
Definition
| Chest Pain Diaphoresis Hypotension Weak pulse Dizziness LOC Possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascending (most common & deadly), Descending or Transverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three main types: stenosis-narrowing, incomplete closure of the valve, & prolapse of the valve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atropine, epi Resuscitation Defibrillation |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for Atrial fibrillation arrhythmias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for Endocarditis |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics, aspirin & maintaining sufficient fluid intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antiarrhythmics Resuscitation Defibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the TX for all valvular diseases |
|
Definition
| surgical replacement of the valves sodium restriction in cases of heart failure anticoagulant therapy (Coumadin) to prevent thrombus formation around diseased replace valves |
|
|
Term
| what are the TX for CARDIOMYOPATHY |
|
Definition
| beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, inotropic drugs (dopamine), anticoagulants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce lipid levels, reduce hypertension, modify diet to limit meat, dairy & high-fat foods, & quit smoking. Limit alcohol intake to 2 ounces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Include beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol, |
|
|
Term
| what are used to confirm HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK |
|
Definition
| Blood tests (elevated K, serum lactate, BUN , urine specific gravity (greater than 1.020), ABG reveals metabolic acidosis (decreased pH) decreased PO2 & increased PCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antiarrhythmics Resuscitation Cardioversion |
|
|
Term
| What causes Aortic insufficiency |
|
Definition
| Endocarditis, hypertension, rheumatic fever, & syphilis. |
|
|
Term
| What causes cardiac failure |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis, conduction defects, COPD, fluid overload, hypertension, MI, pulmonary hypertension, valvular insufficiency or stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What causes HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK |
|
Definition
| include blood loss (didn't we already go over this?), acute pancreatitis, dehydration from excessive perspiration, intestinal obstruction, severe diarrhea, protracted vomiting, inadequate fluid intake & diuresis |
|
|
Term
| What causes Pericarditis name at least 5 |
|
Definition
| Many varied causes include, bacteria, fungus, virus, radiation, hypersensitivity or autoimmune disease (lupus, rheumatic arthritis), neoplasm, injury, trauma & |
|
|
Term
| What causes Tricuspid insufficiency |
|
Definition
| Causes include endocarditis, rheumatic fever & |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flowing back into the left ventricle during |
|
|
Term
| What does Mitral insufficiency result from? |
|
Definition
| in blood flowing back into the L atrium during systole (squeeze), the atrium enlarges & the ventricle dilates to accommodate the increased volume of blood |
|
|
Term
| What does Mitral stenosis do? |
|
Definition
| obstructs blood flow from the L atrium to the L |
|
|
Term
| What does Tricuspid insufficiency result in |
|
Definition
| Results in blood flowing back into the R atrium during systole (squeeze). Blood flow to the lungs & L side of the heart is decreased. Fluid overloads in the R side of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diuretics, antihypertensives , Vasodilators, Calcium blockers Beta-adrenergic blockers & ACE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CK, LDH, AST, & positive CK-MB fraction |
|
|
Term
| What EKG changes are noted with Ventricular tachy arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| Ventricular rate 140-220 No discernible P's Wide/bizarre QRS complex Starts/stops suddenly |
|
|
Term
| What foods are high in vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale), liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ECG shows prolapse of the mitral valve into the L atrium |
|
|
Term
| What is ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM |
|
Definition
| Widening of the aorta. There are three types type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dull squeezing or crushing pressure resulting from decreased blood flow to the heart. May radiate to the arms, usually lasts 3-5 minutes |
|
|
Term
| ARTERIOSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Buerger's Disease |
|
Definition
| A chronic inflammatory disease of the peripheral vessels forming blood clots that results in reduced blood flow, possible ulceration, & gangrene |
|
|
Term
| What is CARDIAC FAILURE? Which side usually fails |
|
Definition
| Heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. Left-sided heart failure caused mostly pulmonary |
|
|
Term
| What is CARDIOGENIC SHOCK? |
|
Definition
| Heart fails to adequately pump reducing cardiac output & compromising tissue perfusion. Decreased stroke volume increases back volume in the L ventricle. Blood from the L ventricle backs up into the lungs creating pulmonary edema. Compensation for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased muscle mass to compensate for flabby L. ventricle, altering cardiac function & resulting in decreased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What is CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| Common disorder caused by a buildup of fatty, |
|
|
Term
| What is DYSRHYTHMIA? What are the 4 most common types? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal electrical conduction or automaticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection of the endocardium, heart valves or |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of oxygen supply that leads to thrombosis & tissue necrosis & localized edema. |
|
|
Term
| What is HYPERTENSION & what are the risk factors? |
|
Definition
| Prolonged elevation of systolic & diastolic blood pressure. Risk factors- race (African-American), aging, obesity, stress, elevated cholesterol levels, sodium intake, tobacco, oral contraceptives. |
|
|
Term
| What is MI (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)? |
|
Definition
| death to myocardial muscle related to lack of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or both valve leaflets protruding into the L atrium has an unknown etiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focal or diffuse inflammation of the cardiac muscle (middle muscular layer). Can be acute or chronic & occur at any age. Recovery is usually spontaneous, without residual defects |
|
|
Term
| What is PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| chronic inadequate blood flow in the lower |
|
|
Term
| What is Raynaud's disease? |
|
Definition
| Episodic vasospasms precipitated by stress & |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermittent claudication of the instep |
|
|
Term
| What is the TX for Pericarditis? |
|
Definition
| Bed rest & possibly surgery depending on symptoms. Drug therapy includes antibiotics, corticosteroids, & NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
| What is VALVULAR HEART DISEASE |
|
Definition
| Mechanical disruption of blood flow through the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol-Inderal, |
|
|
Term
| What may cause Mitral insufficiency result from? |
|
Definition
| include L ventricular failure, mitral valve prolapse, & rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| What may cause Mitral stenosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what may indicate CARDIOMYOPATHY |
|
Definition
| echo indicates L ventricular hypertrophy & |
|
|
Term
| as it relates to nitroglycerine? |
|
Definition
| Include keeping nitro available at all times, use at the first sign of pain & stop & rest until pain subsides. Seek medical attention if pain lasts more than 20 minutes. Instruct the patient about risk factors for MI |
|
|
Term
| as it relates to PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE? What instructions should be given? |
|
Definition
| Encourage walking & other leg exercise, watch for signs of decreased peripheral circulation. Avoid temperature extremes, prolonged standing, constrictive clothing or crossing the legs at the knee when seated. Provide instruction about foot care & |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store in dark, glass, securely capped vial, kept fresh enough that it tingles when you place it under your tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Echocardiography shows L ventricular enlargement, x-ray shows L ventricular enlargement & pulmonary vein congestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EKG shows diffuse ST-segment & T-wave |
|
|
Term
| Mitral stenosis & what would the test show? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac catheterization shows diastolic pressure gradient across the valve & elevated L atrial & pulmonary artery wedge pressures. Echocardiography shows thickened mitral valve leaflets. ECG shows L atrial hypertrophy & x-ray shows L atrial & ventricular enlargement. |
|
|
Term
| Tricuspid insufficiency & what would the test show? |
|
Definition
| Echocardiography shows systolic prolapse of the tricuspid valve. ECG shows R atrial or ventricular hypertrophy. X-ray shows R atrial dilation & R ventricular enlargement. |
|
|
Term
| insufficiency & what do they show? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac catheterization shows mitral regurgitation & elevated atrial & pulmonary artery wedge pressures. X-ray shows L atrial & ventricular enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Echo confirms free space between the ventricular wall & pericardium. EKG- elevated ST segments without significant changes in the QRS. |
|
|
Term
| PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE |
|
Definition
| antiplatelet vasodilators anticoagulants Lipid |
|
|
Term
| CARDIOGENIC SHOCK patient? |
|
Definition
| shows enlarged Q wave, elevated ST segment (MI |
|
|
Term
| (Myocardial Infraction) include? |
|
Definition
| Discussion of the resumption of patient's sexual activities (based on endurance- ability to climb 2 flights of stairs without pain, sob). |
|
|
Term
| what activities should be avoided |
|
Definition
| Shave With An Electric Razor instead of a disposable. Use a Toothbrush With Soft Bristles Any activities that could cause injuries |
|
|
Term
| When nitroglycerine is given in paste form what should be noted? |
|
Definition
| When using paste do not rub it in & rotate sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraindicated if patient also has CHF, hypotension or bronchospasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the patient has had recent surgery, or experienced a fall or head wound concurrent with the MI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are exposure to cold, emotional upset or excitement, exertion, smoking, heavy meals, & rushing about as well as decongestants, diet pills, caffeine & nicotine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DX: Echocardiography shows systolic prolapse of the tricuspid valve. ECG shows R atrial or ventricular hypertrophy. X-ray shows R atrial dilation & R ventricular enlargement. |
|
|
