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Exambusters Chemistry Study Cards 7
Elements (Cards 120-170)
48
Chemistry
10th Grade
08/13/2012

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Cards

Term
Compare ionic radii: Cl, S, P What is the reason for their different sizes?
Definition
Cl1- is smallest; P3- is largest The P atom gained the most e- and has the most shells.
Term
Compare ionic radii: Na, Mg, Al What is the reason for their different sizes?
Definition
Na1+ is largest Al3+ is smallest The Al atom lost the most e- and has the fewest shells.
Term
Describe the change in nonmetallic activity across the periodic table.
Definition
Non-metallic activity increases across the table left to right and decreases down the columns.
Term
Describe the change in electronegativity across the periodic table.
Definition
Electronegativity tends to increase across the table left to right, and decrease down the columns.
Term
Describe the change in metallic activity across the periodic table.
Definition
Metallic activity decreases across the table left to right and increases down the columns.
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
The ability of an atom to attract the e- in a covalent bond to itself. Values range from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F)
Term
Describe the change in ionization energy across the periodic table
Definition
Ionization energy tends to increase from left to right across the table and decrease down the columns.
Term
Ionization energy
Definition
The energy change required for the removal of the outermost electron from a gaseous atom to form a 1+ ion.
Term
List basic facts: Chromium
Definition

bluish-white, brittle transition metal, hard, corrosion-resistant

chief ore: chromite

uses: chromium plating, paint pigment

Term
List basic facts: Nickel
Definition

Hard, white metal which resists tarnish; ferromagnetic, the magnetic alloy is called alnico.

uses: coins; catalyst for hydrogenation of fats

Term
List basic facts: Copper
Definition

principal ores: chalcocite, cuprite chalcopyrite soft, red-brown, ductile, malleable

uses: wires, brass, bronze

Term
List basic facts: Zinc
Definition

principal ores: sphalerite, smithsonite, zincite

uses: galvanized iron, dry cells, electrical connectors, die casting

Term
List basic facts: mercury
Definition

The only liquid metal at room temperature.

uses: thermometers, Hg vapor lamps

Term
List basic facts: Oxygen
Definition
Most abundant element of earth (20% or air, 89% or H2O). Obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air or electrolysis of water. Reactive at high temperatures.
Term
List basic facts: Nitrogen
Definition
Major component of air (78%). Obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air. Inert and stable. compounds: NH3, NHO3, NO
Term
List basic facts: Chlorine
Definition
kills bacteria in H2O. component of gastric juice in stomach (HCl) table salt (NaCl) produced by electrolysis of seawater
Term
List basic facts: Fluorine
Definition
Elemental gas is poisonous. Component of freon (refrigerator gas), plastics, toothpaste, insecticides.
Term
List basic facts: Iodine
Definition
Obtained from nitrate and seawater deposits. Used in the drug industry (iodine solution, iodoform) and in table salt.
Term
List basic facts: Bromine
Definition
Liquid at room temperature. Prepared from seawater. Used in the petroleum, drug and photographic industries.
Term
List basic facts: Phosphorus
Definition

two allotropes: white and red

can combine with oxygen and hydrogen

used in: matches, rat poison, grenades

compounds: H3PO4, phosphates

Term
List basic facts: Sulfur
Definition

Not active at room temperature.

Large amounts occur in nature.

Occurs in 3 allotropic forms.

Compounds: H2SO4, SO2, sulfa drugs, gunpowder, matches

Term
List basic facts: Silicon
Definition

second to oxygen in abundance (25% of earth's crust) found in silicate rocks, clay, mica, SiO2, quartz, sand

hard and brittle; SiO2 forms glass

Term
List basic facts: Carbon
Definition

allotropic: e.g. diamond, graphite backbone of molecules in plants and animals.

compounds: fats, sugars, gasoline

Term
List basic facts: Ammonium ion
Definition

The ammonium ion (NH41+) behaves chemically like an alkali metal.

Uses: fertilizers, baking powder, soldering flux, explosives

Term
List basic facts: Magnesium
Definition

abundant (2% of the earth's crust) found in seawater, salt beds and silicates

uses: structural metal, flashbulbs, milk of magnesia

Term
List basic facts: Tin
Definition
soft, white low-melting metal uses: tinplate to protect steal and in alloys
Term
List basic facts: Lead
Definition
Soft, non-elastic, low-melting, blue-white metal. Becomes dark grey in air. uses: piping, telephone cables, alloys
Term
List basic facts: Silver
Definition

Found uncombined or as Ag2S; bright, lustrous, soft, malleable.

uses: silver plating, jewelry, photographic film and paper

Term
List basic facts: Gold
Definition

Found uncombined as nuggets or grains.

Uses: coins, jewelry, alloys

Term
List basic facts: Platinum Metals
Definition
Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt Inert, occurs free in nature, rare and expensive Uses of Platinum: dentistry, jewelry, industrial catalyst
Term
List basic facts: Calcium
Definition
abundant 3% of Earth's crust) found in limestone, marble, chalk, and seashells Uses: essential to bones and teeth, concrete, mortar
Term
List basic facts: Aluminum
Definition
most abundant metal (7% of earth's crust) found in mica, feldspar bauxite (principal ore) uses: structure (wheels, building) foil, paint, electric wires
Term
List basic facts: Iron
Definition
abundant (5% of Earth's crust) principal ores: hematite, pyrite, magnetite separated from ore in a blast furnace uses: structural, magnetic, dyes
Term
Ionic Hydride
Definition
Hydrogen combines with active metals to form ionic compounds where the valence of hydrogen is 1- (NaH), CaH2, LiH)
Term
Combustion
Definition
A reaction where O2 combines with another substance so rapidly that heat and light are released.
Term
Write the equation for the combustion of methane.
Definition
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
The process of inducing nitrogen to combine chemically with other elements. e.g. 3Mg + N2 ↔ Mg3N2
Term
Haber process
Definition
The fixation of nitrogen to hydrogen, in the presence of metal catalyst, at high temperature and pressure, to form ammonia. N2 +3H2 ↔ 2NH3
Term
Deionization
Definition
A process to separate water from its solutes. Water flows through resins which absorb the ions.
Term
Distillation
Definition
A process used to separate a mixture based on different boiling points of the components. Components are separately vaporized then condensed.
Term
Malleable
Definition
A physical property of metals; can be easily made into sheets e.g. aluminum foil
Term
Ductile
Definition
A physical property of metals; can be drawn into a wire. e.g. copper electrical wires
Term
Halogens
Definition
A family (Group VIIA) of elements with seven electrons in their outer shell. They are abundant and chemically active. F, Cl, Br, I, At
Term
Noble Metals
Definition
The few metals which occur uncombined in nature: gold, silver, platinum, copper
Term
Metalloid
Definition
An element with the properties of both metals and non-metals. e.g. Si, AS, Ge, Sb, Te
Term
Alkaline Earth Metals
Definition
a family of metals which form 2+ cations chemically active their oxides form mildly basic solutions e.g. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
Term
Describe the change in Atomic Radius across the periodic table
Definition
The atomic radius tends to decrease from left to right across the table and increase down the columns.
Term
Lanthanide and Actinide Series
Definition
Transition elements #57-71 and #90-103 which have partially filled f orbitals. Only the first four elements occur naturally
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