Term
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Definition
| The immunoglobulin class most frequently responsible for inhibition of bacteria on mucosal surfaces is |
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Term
| Macrophages and Neutrophils |
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Definition
| As part of the innate immune response, which cells participate in phagocytosis? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the cytokines attract neutrophils and inhibit bacteria? |
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Term
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Definition
| MHC class II molecules are critically important in what immunologic process? |
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Term
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Definition
| MHC class I molecules are critically important in what immunologic process? |
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Term
| Cell activation and production of cytokines and chemokines |
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Definition
| The host response to the interaction of a pathogen with its specific TLR generates which of the following? |
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Term
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Definition
| Within the innate immune response, this cell acts by killing virus-infected cells: |
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Term
| Initiation of classic complement pathway |
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Definition
| The interaction of two IgG molecules binding to antigen followed by the binding C1 to the Fc portion of the antibody results in which of the following? |
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Term
| Clonal expansion of effector cells |
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Definition
| What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response and not of the innate response? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which genetic mechanism generates antibodies of the same specificity but different immunoglobulin classes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which major antibody molecule has the ability to cross the placenta? |
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Term
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Definition
| A man in his twenties presents in the emergency room with shortness of breath and fatigue. He is also very pale. Two days earlier he was given penicillin for an infection. He had penicillin previously without problems and stated that he had “no allergy” to penicillin. Laboratory testing shows that antibodies to penicillin are present in the patient’s serum and that he is breaking down his own red blood cells. He is diagnosed with immune hemolytic anemia. The patient has which type of hypersensitivity reaction? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which one of the following cell types expresses receptors for IgE on its cell surface that stimulate the cell to mount a response to parasites such as worms? |
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Term
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Definition
| NK cells express a killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), which recognizes: |
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Term
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Definition
| Prior to class switching, all B cells bound to antigen have which of the following antibody classes on their surface? |
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Term
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Definition
| IgE-mediated histamine release is classified as what type of hypersensitivity reaction? |
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Term
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Definition
| IFN-α and IFN-β are produced by the virus-infected cell due to the interaction of virus nucleic acid with which of the following? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which two cytokines play an important role in attracting neutrophils to the site of an infection? |
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Term
| IFN-γ production by white blood cell (WBC) treated with TB antigen |
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Definition
| Which one of the following laboratory assays is considered to be an in vitro counterpart of the type IV hypersensitivity reactions seen in the TB skin test? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following laboratory assays can be used to detect the number and types of immune cells in the peripheral blood? |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations in bacteria can occur by which of the following mechanisms? |
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Term
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Definition
| he form of genetic exchange in which donor DNA is introduced to the recipient by a bacterial virus is |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme DNAse degrades naked DNA. If two strains of bacteria from the same species were mixed in the presence of DNAse, which method of gene transfer would be most likely inhibited? |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication of which of the following requires physical integration with a bacterial replicon? |
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Term
| Transfer of both strands of DNA |
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Definition
| The formation of a mating pair during the process of conjugation in Escherichia coli requires |
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Term
| To prevent foreign DNA from incorporating into a bacterial genome |
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Definition
| Why do bacteria contain restriction enzymes? |
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Term
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Definition
| If the arrangement of bases on the coding DNA strand is 5′ CATTAG3′ , then a corresponding strand of mRNA will be which one of the following? |
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Term
| Breathing aerosolized droplets containing the microorganism |
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Definition
| A 22-year-old woman who works in a plant nursery presents with a history of fever and cough for 2 months. Over this period of time she has lost 5 kg. Chest radiography shows bilateral upper lobe infiltrates with cavities. A stain of her sputum shows acid-fast bacilli. The likely means by which the patient acquired her infection is |
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Term
Vibrio cholerae type O139 (lipopolysaccharide
O antigen 139) |
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Definition
| During a pandemic of a well-characterized disease, a group of 175 airline passengers flew from Lima, Peru, to Los Angeles. Lunch on the plane included crab salad, which was eaten by about twothirds of the passengers. After landing in Los Angeles, many of the passengers transferred to other flights with destinations in other parts of California and other Western states. Two of the passengers who stayed in Los Angeles developed severe watery diarrhea. The status of the other passengers was unknown. The likely cause of the diarrhea in the two passengers is |
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Term
| The complex molecular interactions within the biofilm make it difficult to provide effective antimicrobial therapy, and it is likely the catheter will have to be removed to cure the infection. |
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Definition
A 65-year-old woman has a long-term central venous catheter for intravenous therapy. She develops fever and subsequently has multiple blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. All of the S epidermidis isolates have the same colony morphology and
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, suggesting that they are the same strain. An S epidermidis biofilm is
thought to be present on the catheter. Which one of the following statements about such an infection is correct? |
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Term
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Definition
| The first microorganism to satisfy Koch’s postulates (in the late 19th century) was |
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Term
| It interacts with macrophages and monocytes yielding release of cytokines. |
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Definition
| Which of the following statements about lipopolysaccharide is correct? |
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Term
| A toxin that is a superantigen |
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Definition
A 27-year-old man had a rhinoplasty. A nasal tampon was placed to control the bleeding. Approximately 8 hours later, he developed headache, muscle aches, and abdominal cramps with diarrhea. He then developed an erythematous rash (resembling sunburn) over much of his body, including the palms and soles. His blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. The nasal tampon remained in place. His liver enzyme tests were elevated, and there was evidence of moderate renal failure. This patient’s illness was likely
to be caused by which of the following? |
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Term
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Definition
| The organism most likely to be responsible for the patient’s disease (Question 6) is |
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Term
| Airway colonization in a cystic fibrosis patient with a mucoid (alginate-producing) strain of P aeruginosa |
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Definition
| Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the formation of a bacterial biofilm? |
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Term
| They directly inject bacterial proteins into host cells across bacterial and host cell membranes, promoting pathogenesis of infections |
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Definition
| Regarding bacterial type III secretions systems, which of the following statements is correct? |
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Term
| Lipopolysaccharide is part of the cell wall of E coli. |
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Definition
| Which of the following statements is correct? |
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Term
| A toxin with A and B subunits |
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Definition
A 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl develops severe watery diarrhea. The stool looks like “rice water.” It is voluminous—more than 1 L in the last 90 minutes. She has no fever and seems otherwise normal except for the effects of loss of fluid and electrolytes. The
most likely cause of her illness is |
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Term
| To treat her with fluid and electrolyte replacement |
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Definition
| The most important thing that can be done to treat the patient (Question 11) is |
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Term
| E coli with P-pili (fimbriae) |
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Definition
| A 23-year-old woman has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, including at least one episode of pyelonephritis. Blood typing shows the P blood group antigen. Which of the following is likely to be the primary cause of her infections? |
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Term
| Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing |
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Definition
A 55-year-old man presents with gradually increasing weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and arthropathy. During the evaluation process, a small bowel biopsy is done. After processing, examination of the specimen by light microscopy reveals periodic acid- Schiff–positive inclusions in the bowel wall.
Which of the following tests could be done to confirm the diagnosis of Whipple disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei? |
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Term
| Inhibits elongation factor 2 |
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Definition
| Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin? |
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