Term
| If potassium were to react with chlorine, what type of bond would be formed? Why? |
|
Definition
| It would form an ionic bond since elements in columns 1, 2 and 7 tend to form ionic bonds by losing or ganing an electron. Opposite charges attract. Same formation as Sodium and Chlorine. |
|
|
Term
| In which group of biochemical compounds is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen 2:1? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates- the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is also 2:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that has mass and occupies space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest unit of matter (atom) that has special physical characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combonation of all the ecosystems (earth) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| The product of ATP and NADPH in the light dependent reactions provide the energy that drives the formation of sugar during the light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. Label all the reactants AND products. Above the arrow in the equation, note the main thing that is needed to start these reactions. |
|
Definition
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen |
|
|
Term
| According to biology, does vitalism or mechanism more characterize living things? |
|
Definition
| Mechanism better explains living things. All living things are governed by the same natural laws that govern the nonliving world. |
|
|
Term
| What type of chemical reaction would cause a number of single sugars such as glucose to bond together in the formation of starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As part of scince fair a young researcher wanted to analyze the effects of caffine on lab mice. Fill in the steps below, identify the control and identify the dependent and independent variables. Problem Statement- hypothesis- research- experimental design- data- conclusion- |
|
Definition
Problem Statement- how will caffine affect mice? hypothesis- caffine will cause mice to become hyperactive. research- do a literature review to determine the effects of caffeine. experimental design- set up an experiment with a control. data- collect data on mass, length, and food+water consumption. conclusion- caffeine makes micee hyperactive. |
|
|
Term
| Draw a diagram and identify an atom with 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: Chloroplasts: |
|
Definition
| double membrane bound, stacks of grana, space called lumen and the function is to carry out photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: Mitochondria: |
|
Definition
| double membrane bound, plasmid (DNA), and the function is to carry out the process of photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: Peroxisomes: |
|
Definition
| membrane bound organelle that packages hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: Lysosomes: |
|
Definition
| memberane bound organelle that packages digestive enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| list the 7 levels of classification given in class in order and know which groups include other groups. |
|
Definition
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. Kingdom includes phyla, phyla includes class, class includes family, family includes genuses and genuses include species. |
|
|
Term
| List the three major parts of resperation and tell how many ATPs are made as a result of each. |
|
Definition
Glycolysis- 8 ATPs Krebs Cycle- 2 ATPs Electron Transport Chain- 28 ATPs |
|
|
Term
| becuase of the way resperation takes place in bacteria, which missing organelle is most responsible for bacterias lack in size, why? |
|
Definition
| since the mitochondra are missing, the bacteria cannot produce the same large numbers of ATP as a eukaryotic cell could. |
|
|
Term
| define diffusion and osmosis. |
|
Definition
diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher to an area of lower concentration. osmosis is the diffusion of water. |
|
|
Term
draw a general formula for an amino acid and identify the following carbon amine group carboxyl group r group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the light spectrum as the least effect on photosynthesis, why? what happens with this part of the spectrum? |
|
Definition
| green, green light is reflected and does not excite electrions providing enegry to excite electrons. |
|
|
Term
| product of aerobic resperation in glycolysis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| product of anaerobic resperation in a yeast or bacterial cell during glycolysis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| product of anaerobic resperation on an active muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| draw a bacterial cell and label |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| draw a virus and label parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest, recognizable particle of matter that cannot be subdivided into smaller units. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance made up of a single atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more atoms chemically combined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more DIFFERENT atoms chemically combined |
|
|
Term
rank the type of bonds in terms of their ability to be broken down covalent ionic hydrogen polar covalent |
|
Definition
covalent strongest ionic next strongest polar covalent next strongest hydrogen weakest |
|
|
Term
write the empirical formual for each of the following groups of carbohydrates
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides |
|
Definition
monosaccharides C6H12O6 disaccharides C12H22O11 polysaccharides (C6H10O5)x |
|
|
Term
| identify the two suffixes used for sugars and enzymes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Make a chart below that compares the genral characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
prokaryotic- memberane bound, no nucleaus, naked chromosome, pasimid, ribisomes, cell wall and membrane, flagella, no other organelles, makes low ATP eukaryotic- membrane bound, nucleus present, chromosomes within nucleaus, all organelles present, produce a lot of ATP by aerobic resperation. |
|
|
Term
| understand a periodic table |
|
Definition
| atomic number is in the lower left, the atomic mass is in the upper left, the number of neutrons is determind by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass |
|
|
Term
| where is the greatest amount of ATP produced during resperation as a result of oxidation reduction reaction. |
|
Definition
| the Kreb cycle workinf with the electron transport system through oxidation phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
| draw an enzyme model that illustrates the enzyme, the substrate, the active site, the enzyme substrate complex and the final product. |
|
Definition
| use the pacman model from class |
|
|
Term
| after death, a process called "autolysis" occurs within cells of the host organism. describe how this happens and which organelles would be most responsible. |
|
Definition
| after a cell dies, the lysosomes realese digestive enztmes into the cell which eat up the tissue from within. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bond in which electrons are shared equally |
|
|
Term
| define polar covalent bond |
|
Definition
| bond in whcih electrons are shared equally with the net result of a charge forming on opposite ends of the atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bond in which electrons are gained or lost by an atom forming a positive or negative ion. The oppositely charged ions attract each other and form an ionic bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak attraction between adjacent water molecules. The ozygen of one water molecule attracts the hydrogen of another water molecule. |
|
|
Term
| what is rubisco, what is its significantce and in which biochemical set of reactions will it be found? |
|
Definition
| Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme in the world and is is responsible for catalyzing the light independent reaction of photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| draw a general structual formula for a lipid. how many glycerols and how many fatty acids are found in this lipid molocule. |
|
Definition
| see notes. there will be 1 glycerol and 3 fallty acids. |
|
|
Term
| within the chloroplast, where would the greatest number of hydrogen protons be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolution si the gradual change of living things over time |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: lysomes |
|
Definition
| single membrame organelle, stores digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: ribosomes |
|
Definition
| small, round organelle responsible for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: nucleolus |
|
Definition
| small, round organelle in the nucleous that is responsible for making robosomes |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: cell membrane |
|
Definition
| selectively permeable, protects cell, controls what enters and leave cell |
|
|
Term
describe the structure and function of: mitochondrion |
|
Definition
| double membrane bound organelle, site of citic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and production of great amount of ATP occurs here. |
|
|
Term
which is not a characteristic of an enzyme they are protein low activation energy charged specific recycled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the law of conservation of matter- |
|
Definition
| matter is neither created or destroyed, but changed from one form to another |
|
|
Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy is neither created or destroyed but changed from one form to another |
|
|
Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| this is the law of entropy. energy tends to be lost as you move from one trophic level to another and matter tends to become disorganized over time without input of energy. |
|
|
Term
| write out the overall equation of resperation |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATPs |
|
|
Term
| why is carbon the most important of all elements in the structural formation of living cells and tissue. |
|
Definition
| carbon is capable of forming four bonds, the most number of bonds an atom can form. therfore, it provides the oppertunity to form the greatest number of combinations for molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Water: why is it called a universal solvent |
|
Definition
| is will dissolve anything ionic or polar |
|
|
Term
| Water: why is water called a polar molecule |
|
Definition
| it has a positive and negative end |
|
|
Term
| Water: why is it an advantage for water to have a wide temperature range as a liquid. |
|
Definition
| it is unlikely to reach a solid or gaseas state in living tissue |
|
|
Term
| Water: why does water serve as both a reactant and product in import metabolic pathways |
|
Definition
| water is used as a reactant during dehydration synthesis and appears as a product during hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| after chewing crackers for 5 min without swollowing you will notice that they start to tast sweet. why? |
|
Definition
| the reaction os hydrolysis. polysaccharides ae broken down into monosaccharides. the monosaccharides are simple sugars that taste sweet. |
|
|
Term
| define denature. what happens to an enzyme if you expose it to temp or pH extremes |
|
Definition
| denature means to destroy the structure of the protein so that is is no longer effective in its function. extremes in temp or or pH denatue a protein. |
|
|
Term
| what is the location and function of cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| lacated between the nucleus and cytoplasm. it provides the support to suspend the organelles. it also is a soup in which the many vital molecules and enzymes are found. the pressre of the cytoplasm against the cell membrane also provides a type of support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the balence maintained within a living organism. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important promary source of energy for all living things? |
|
Definition
|
|
