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Exam #5
Brain, Spinal Cord, PNS, Reflexes, ANS
77
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
11/23/2012

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Term
Ventricles
Definition
-continuous with another and the central canal of the spinal cord
-hollow
-filled with CSF
-lined with ependymal cells (ciliated)
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres
Definition
-form superior part of brain
-account for 83% of brain mass
-nearly entire surface marked by elevated ridges of tissue=gyri
Term
Gyri
Definition
-elevated ridges of tissue
-separated by sulci
Term
Sulci
Definition
-shallow grooves
-divide each hemisphere into five lobes
Term
Lobes of the brain
Definition
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
-insula
Term
Fissures
Definition
-deeper grooves
Term
Longitudinal Fissure
Definition
-median, large fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Transverse Cerebral Fissure
Definition
-large fissure that separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
-gray matter
-where conscious mind is found
-all interneurons
-each hemisphere is concerned with functions on opposite sides of the body (contralateral)
Term
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Definition
-Motor
-Sensory
-Association
Term
Motor Areas
Definition
Control voluntary movement, lie in posterior part of frontal lobes
Term
Sensory Areas
Definition
Conscious awareness of sensations that occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital obes
Term
Cerebral white matter
Definition
-myelinated fibers bundles into large tracts
-Fibers:association, commissural, projection
Term
Association Fibers
Definition
connect different parts of same hemisphere, run horizontally
Term
Commissural Fibers
Definition
-connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres
-allow hemispheres to function as a coordinated whole, run horizontally
-corpus callosum (largest, deep within longitudinal fissure)
Term
Projection Fibers
Definition
-Enter cortex from lower brain or cord centers or descend from cortex to lower areas
-Run Vertically
-tie cortex to rest of NS and the body's receptors and effectors
Term
Basal Nuclei/Basal Ganglia
Definition
-deep within white matter of each hemisphere
-precise role unknown
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
-forms central core of the brain
- surrounded by cerbral hemispheres
-consists of three paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
-Relay station for information coming into cortex "gateway"
-sorts and edits information
-deep region
-makes up 80% of diencephalon
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
-infundibulum: stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland tp base of hypothalamus
-roles:
-Controls ANS influencing, blood
pressure, rate and force of heart,
digestive tract mobility, pupil
size
-integrate physical response to
emotions
-regulate body temperature
-water balance and thirst
- regulates sleep-wake cycle
- control endocrine system
functioning
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
most dorsal portion, has pineal gland/body
Term
Pineal gland/body
Definition
Secretes hormone melatonin
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
midbrain, pons, medulla
Term
Midbrain
Definition
-between diencephalon and pons
-corpa quadrigeina- two pairs of sensory neurons
-superior colliculi
-inferior colliculi
Term
Superior Colliculi
Definition
-visual reflex centers
-coordinate head and eye movements to visually follow a moving object
Term
Inferior Colliculi
Definition
-Part of Auditory Pathway
-Startle Reflex: Turn head toward unexpected sound
Term
Pons
Definition
-bulging brain stem region
-between midbrain and medulla
-chiefly composed of conduction tracts
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
-pyramids, cardiovascular center, respiratory center, "other" centers
Term
pyramids of medulla
Definition
-two longitudinal ridges
-formed by pyramidal (corticospinal)
tracts descending from motor cortex
-decussation of the pyramids: crossover
point to opposite side of the
hemispheres, just above medulla-
spinal cord junction, each cerebral
hemisphere controls voluntary
movement of other side of the body
Term
Cardiovascular Center of Medulla
Definition
-cardiac center: adjusts both force and
rate of heart contraction
-vasomotor center: changes blood vessel
diameter to regulate blood pressure
Term
Respiratory Center of Medulla
Definition
Controls rate and depth of breathing
Term
Medulla's "other" centers
Definition
regulate vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
-11% of brain mass
-located dorsal to pons and medulla
-protrudes under occipital lobes
-bilaterally symmetrical
-two cerebellar hemispheres connected
medially by vermis
-lots of gyri, folia
-fissure divides hemispheres
-arbor vitae
-cerebellar peduncle: paired fibers
tracts that connect it to brain stem
Term
Arbor Vitae
Definition
distinct pattern of white matter in cerebellum
Term
Vermis
Definition
connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
Term
Cerebellar Peduncles
Definition
Paired fiber tracts that connect cerebellum to brain stem
Term
Functional brain systems
Definition
networks of neurons that work together but span large distances
Term
Limbic System
Definition
-group of structures
-located on medial aspect of each
cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon
-emotional/affective/feeling brain
-amygdaloid body
-cingulate gyrus
-role in memory
Term
Amygdaloid Body
Definition
responds to perceived threats, such as angry or fearful facial expressions, reacts with fear or agression
Term
Cingulate Gyrus
Definition
-Role in expressing emotions through
gestures
-resolves mental conflict when
frustrated
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
-extends through central core of
medulla, pons, and mibrain
-composed of loosely clustered neurons
-reticular activating system
Term
Reticular Activating System
Definition
maintains alert state of cerebral cortex, and filters out some sensory input
Term
Electroencephalogram
Definition
-patterns of neuronal electrical
activity termed brain waves
-each person has a unique pattern
Term
Alpha Waves
Definition
-Regular and Rhythmic
-Low amplitude
-Calm, Relaxed state of wakefulness
Term
Beta Waves
Definition
-Rhythmic, but not as regular as alpha
-high frequency
-mentally alert, concentrating
Term
Theta Waves
Definition
-more irregular
-common in children
-uncommon in awake adults but may
appear when concentrating
Term
Delta Waves
Definition
-high amplitude waves
-seen during sleep
-indicate brain damage in an awake
adult
Term
Non-Rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
Definition
-four stages
-first 30-45 minutes
-frequency of EEG waves declines but
amplitude increases
Term
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Definition
-stage of most dreaming
-vital signs increase
-digestive system activity decreases
-skeletal muscles inhibited:prevents us
from acting out our dreams
Term
Protection of the brain
Definition
Bone, Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood-Brain Barrier
Term
Meninges
Definition
three connective tissue membranes; Dura, Arachnoid, Pia
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
-strongest
-two layers sheet of fibrous connective
tissue
-extends inward in several locations:
form flat partitions that subdivide
cranial cavity and dural septa
Term
Periosteal Layer of Dura
Definition
more superficial layer, attached to inner surface of the skull
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
-forms a loose brain covering
-separated from dura mater by narrow
cavity=subdural space
-subarchnoid space
Term
Dural Septa
Definition
limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium
Term
Subdural space
Definition
narrow cavity that separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
-beneath arachnoid membrane
-weblike extensions span the space and
secure arachnoid to underlying pia
-filled with CSF
-contain largest blood vessels serving
the brain
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
-delicate connective tissue
-many tiny vessels
-clings tighly to the brain
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
-found in and around brain and spinal
cord
-forms liquid cushion: reduces brain
weight by 97%, prevents brain from
crushing under own weight
-protects brain and spinal cord from
trauma
-helps nourish brain
-replaced every 8 hours (150 mL)
-choroid plexuses
Term
Choroid Plexuses
Definition
-forms CSF
-hangs from roof of each ventricle
-cluster of capilarries enclosed by:
pia mater then ependymal cells
-capillaries fairly permeable
-helps cleanse CSF by removing waste
Term
Blood-Brain Barrier
Definition
-Helps maintain stable brain
environment
-Selective barrier:
-nutrients move through freely
- denied: metabolic wastes,
proteins, certain toxins, most
drugs
-ineffective against: fats, fatty
acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide
-how blood-borne alcohol, nicotine, and
anesthetics affect brain
Term
Sensory receptors by stimulus type
Definition
-mechanoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-nociceptors
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
respond to mechanical force (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
sensitive to temperature changes
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
respond to light
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
respond to chemicals
Term
nociceptors
Definition
respond to potentially damaging stimuli, pain receptors
Term
Sensory receptors classified by location
Definition
-Exteroceptors
-Interoceptors/Visceroceptors
-Proprioceptors
Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
-sensitive to stimulus arising outside
of body
-near or at surface of body
-include: touch, pressure, pain,
temperature receptors in skin, special
senses
Term
Interoceptors/Visceroceptors
Definition
-respond to stimuli within body
-monitor a variety of stimuli: chemical
changes, tissue stretch, temperature
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
-also respond to internal stimuli
-location more restricted: skeletal
muscle, tendons, joints, ligaments,
connective tissue covering bones and
mucles
-constantly advising the brain of
movement
Term
Classification by Receptor Structure
Definition
-Simple Receptors
-Complex Receptors
Term
Simple Receptors
Definition
found throughout body, monitor most general sensory information
Term
Complex Receptors
Definition
associated with special senses: visoin, hearing, smell, taste, equillibrium
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
-surround each axon
-encloses associated schwann cells
-loose connective tissue
Term
Perineurium
Definition
-binds together into bundles; fascicles
-coarser connective tissue
Term
Epineurium
Definition
-fibrous sheath
-encloses all fascicles
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