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Exam4Endocrine
Exam4Endocrine
34
Biology
Undergraduate 3
04/27/2014

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Term
Trade offs between nervous and endocrine responses, type of molecules used, and how they reach their target
Definition
Endocrine uses hormones released into the blood that go everywhere. They are slower than the nervous sytem but last longer. They are sent chemical and have a broad signal that reaches every cell, and activates those with receptors to receive it. There are varying levels and it can be hard to turn off by there's more potential for feedback.

Nervous: Neutrotransmitters used electrical and chemical signals. That last/take a fraction of a second and send specific binary signals to particular parts of the body.
Term
Explain the origin of the pituitary gland and which parts of epithelial verses nervous tissue
Definition
The pituitary gland has epithelial tissue and nervous tissue, though it is ectodermal in origin. The posterior area is derived from nervous tissue and has nerves from the hypothalamus in it. The anterior areas is epithelial tissue and connected to hypotha. by blood instead of nerves
Term
What is the hypothalimus
Definition
The lower part of the brain which communicates with/controls teh pituitary gland via nerve impulses and blood.
Term
What is homeostasis
Definition
Keeps various levels (temp, sugar, etc) within certain ranges
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
The chemical signal transmitted between nerves. (seratonin, dopamine, etc)
Term
Neurohormone
Definition
Hormones released by neurotransmitters into the blood stream
Term
positive feedback
Definition
A change releases a chemical which causes that change to happen more which causes more of that chemical to be released.

For example breast feeding. The more milk is used, the more the body produces.
Term
negative feedback
Definition
A change in the body causes a effect, but as the effect occurs, the change goes away, and thus the effect starts to go away as well.

For example when body temperature decreases we shiver and restrict blood vessels. As this warms the body, shivering ceases and blood vessels expand again.
Term
Describe the cascade of events in a hormone response
Definition
Sensory input ->hypothalamus -> Releasing hormones -> Tropins (stimulating hormones) -> Other glands (like adrenal cortex) -> hormones go into blood (like gluticocorticoids)-> target cells
Term
Patterns in glucorticoid/cortisol released, daily and in response to stressors
Definition
Cortisol is released early in the morning in response to waking up, and immediately following epinephrine (a stress response)
Term
What are the adaptive benefits of cortisol release
Definition
Causes fat and protein to release sugar into the blood stream. In the morning this helps give the energy needed to go find food/work. And when in danger this gives energy to fight off an attacker or run away.
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Melanotrophin
Definition
Source: Anterior pituitary gland/inter lobe
Target: Epithelium (skin, hair)
Action: Stimulates malonin production and proliferation of malonin producing cells
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Vasopressin
Definition
Source: Posterior pituitary
Target: Kidney (collecting ducts)
Action: Reabsorbs water back into bloodstream
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Oxytocin
Definition
Source: Posterior pituitary
Target: Uterus
Action: Uterine contractions, milk release, ejaculation
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Parathyroid
Definition
Source: Parathyroid gland
Target: Bones, kidney, and digestive system
Action: Increases blood calcium
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Thyroxine
Definition
Source: Thyroid
Target: All cells
Action: Regulates cell metabolic rate (glucose burning rate)
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Aldosterone
Definition
Source: Adrenal cortex
Target: Kidney (distal tube)
Action: Increases sodium absorption
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Glucocorticoids
Definition
Source: Adrenal cortex
Target: Liver, adipose cells
Action: Gluconeogenesis (turns fat into glucose)
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Norepinephrine
Definition
Source: Adrenal medulla
Target: many cells w receptors
Action: vasodialation, pain dampen,heart rate and ventilation go up, pupils dialate, decreased digestion and immuno.
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Releasing Hormone
Definition
Source: Hypothalamus
Target: many hormones so many targets
Action: secrete other hormones
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Melanotonin
Definition
Source: Pineal gland
Target: Pituitary gland, other organs
Action: Daily rhythm/clock (helps humans sleep)
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Growth Hormone
Definition
Source: Anterior pituitary
Target: many kinds of cells
Action: Stimulates growth
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Prolactin
Definition
Source: Anterior pitutary
Target: Mammary glands
Action: Milk production
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Thyrotropin
Definition
Source: Anterior pituitary gland
Target: Thyroid gland
Action: Releases thyroxine
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Follicle stimulating hormones
Definition
Source: Anterior pituitary gland
Target: Gonad
Action: gamete formation/development. Releases estrogen
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Luteinizing hormones
Definition
Source: Anterior pituitary
Target: gonads
Action: gamete release -> production of androgens (sperm egg)
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Corticotropin
Definition
Source: Anterior pituitary gland
Target: adrenal gland
Action: releases steriods
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Insulin
Definition
Source: Pancreas
Target: Liver, fat cells
Action: Converts glucose to glycogen, prevents hydrolysis of fat
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Glucagon
Definition
Source: Pancreas
Target: Liver
Action: Converts glycogen to glucose
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Cholecystokinin
Definition
Source: Duodenum
Target: Pancreas and gallbladder
Action: Release of digestive enzymes (break down lipids/proteins) and bile release
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Wecretin
Definition
Source: Duodenum
Target: Pancreas
Action: Release bicarbonate ion to increase pH
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Testosterone
Definition
Source: Testis
Target: Reproductive anatomies
Action: development/maturation
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Estradiol
Definition
Source: Ovary
Target: Uterus, reproductive anatomies
Action: Developments and maturation
Term
Identify organs and glands of endocrine system (hormones released, target, and action) Calcitonin
Definition
Source: Thyroid
Target: Digestive system, kidney, bone
Action: Decreases blood calcium
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