Term
| example of sensory explotation |
|
Definition
| when female fish are attracted to white spots on male fish b/c white spots look like eggs |
|
|
Term
| definition of communication in biological terms |
|
Definition
| communication is intentional sending of signal that has some benefit to sender on average |
|
|
Term
| six reasons to send signals |
|
Definition
1. mating/reproduction
2. parental care
3. group cohesion
4. aggression
5. marking territory
6. organisms finding food together |
|
|
Term
| example of imprinting (imprinting is a form of animal behavior) |
|
Definition
| whatever baby ducks see first they decide is their mother, whoever they see first is "imprinted" in their brains this way |
|
|
Term
| definition of fixed-action pattern |
|
Definition
| when one single, often simple, stimulus called "sign stimulus" triggers complex behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "sign stimulus" are stimuli that set off fixed action patterns |
|
|
Term
| example of fixed action pattern |
|
Definition
| when an organism sees a mate, the mate is the sign stimulus and the organism begins it's behavior, which is mating ritual |
|
|
Term
| example of code breaking in terms of animal behavior |
|
Definition
| code breaking is "cheating", like when a parasitic bird w/ a red mouth lays her eggs in another bird's nest, the host mother also has red mouth and is evolutionarily programmed to feed red mouths |
|
|
Term
| three examples of deceptive signals |
|
Definition
1. dogs making themselves look bigger than they really are
2. wablers (host birds) feeding
cuckoos (parasitic birds)
3. once female fireflies are fertilized, they change their blinking to attract a different species of male fireflies so they can eat them |
|
|
Term
| example of exploitation of signals |
|
Definition
| bats and frogs share prey, bugs, so bats use frog mating signals (croaking) to locate and steal the frog bugs from the frogs. This works b/c frogs have found where all the bugs are |
|
|
Term
| what are three conditions that increase liklihood that signal sending is honest |
|
Definition
1. sender/receiver are closely related, so signal sender wants receiver to benefit too
2. if both signaler and receiver benefit, like looking for a mate
3. if signal production is contrained or costly, you don't have as many signals to send out, better get bang for buck |
|
|
Term
| what are the two dances that bees do? |
|
Definition
1. waggle dance
2. round dance |
|
|
Term
| which dance of bees conveys information on distance and direction of flowers |
|
Definition
| waggle dance conveys info on distance and direction of flowers |
|
|
Term
| how to bees determine direction of flowers based on dance? |
|
Definition
| bees based the direction of the flowers off of angle from the sun |
|
|
Term
| the dance gets bees to the right area, but bees actually locate the flowers by _____ |
|
Definition
| after the dance gets bees to the right area, the bees locate the flowers by olifaction |
|
|
Term
| which bees do the dance itself? |
|
Definition
| the scout bees come back to the hive with info on where the flowers are and do the dance to tell the recruit bees where to go |
|
|
Term
| which bees get info from the dance? |
|
Definition
| recruit bees watch the scout bees dance and get info |
|
|
Term
| what info do recruit bees get from the dance/scout bee? |
|
Definition
| they smell the plant type of the scout, and get the distance/direction of the flowers from the dance |
|
|
Term
| how do bees measure distance? |
|
Definition
| bees count the number of objects they pass |
|
|
Term
| define cultural inheritance |
|
Definition
| cultural inhertiance is non-genetic info passed from generation to generation |
|
|
Term
two examples of cultural inhertiance
|
|
Definition
1. one bird learns to peck through milk containers to get milk in britian, before long all the birds learn to do it
2. monkeys learn to wash potatoes |
|
|
Term
| example of dialects in nature |
|
Definition
| the songs of one organism of bird vary based on area |
|
|
Term
| example of group specific cultural inheritance |
|
Definition
| tool use varies across primate groups of one species |
|
|
Term
| what are most of the strucutral gene differences between humans and chimps |
|
Definition
| most of the structural gene differences are hair/skin genes |
|
|
Term
| the main difference between human and chimp nuerological development in terms of genes |
|
Definition
| the structural genes that determine neurological development are mostly the same between humans and chimps, the difference is regulatory genes |
|
|
Term
| how does social structure difference between chimps and bonobos determine how they are different on a induvidual interaction basis? |
|
Definition
chimps are seperated by gender at adolesence, they are more focused on fighting.
Bonobos aren't seperated at birth, they just fuck all the time and love it |
|
|
Term
| what is unique about intertropical convergence zone seasons |
|
Definition
| the intertropical convergence zone has rainy vs dry seasons, not winter vs summer |
|
|
Term
| most important ocean current |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the thermohaline current important? |
|
Definition
| the thermohaline current is a gaint heat pumps that redistributes heat all across the world |
|
|
Term
| what is a reoccuring event that can effect global percipitation patterns? |
|
Definition
| El Nino is recurring and affects global circulation patterns |
|
|
Term
| soil in rainforest is _____ |
|
Definition
| soil in the rainforest is nutrient poor, as there is always a new plant to grab up nutrients |
|
|
Term
| would a tropical decidous forest generally have a summer and winter? |
|
Definition
| no, generally tropical areas have rainy vs dry not summer vs winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forests on pacific coasts, where there is low precipitation, these forests are fire-resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adiabatic cooling is the affect that mountains have that causes rain shadows |
|
|
Term
| affect of continentality on weather |
|
Definition
| the farther you are from an ocean, the more extreme the highs and lows |
|
|
Term
| in terms of population growth, what is "r" |
|
Definition
| "r" in terms of population growth is instrisic rate of increase of population size |
|
|
Term
| what two types of species have highest "r" values |
|
Definition
| cyclically parthenogenic and completley asexual organisms can reproduce very fast and thus have high "r" values |
|
|
Term
| relationship of population density to fitness |
|
Definition
| generally, as pop density goes up, population goes down |
|
|
Term
| carrying capacity is mainly dictated by ____ |
|
Definition
| carrying capacity is mainly dictated by resource availbility |
|
|
Term
| high "r" values for a species means the population does what at equilbrium |
|
Definition
| high "r" values for a species means that you fluctuate a lot at equilbrium |
|
|
Term
| what dictates how much a population fluctuates at equilbrium |
|
Definition
| the size of the "r" value dictates how much you fluctuate at equilbrium |
|
|
Term
| competition is the driver of ____ selection |
|
Definition
| competition is the driver of density dependent solution |
|
|
Term
| the basic logistic dynamics make an important assumption on population growth, what is this assumption and what does it depend on? |
|
Definition
| the asssumption made for basic logisitic dynamics is that population growth does down as population nears carry capacity due to density dependent selection (usually competition) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the allee effect is that fitness of an organism goes up as population size decereases, up to a certain point |
|
|
Term
| what organisms serve as an example of the allee effect? |
|
Definition
| broadcast spawners reproduce by males shooting gametes into the water and then females picking them up from the environment, if the population density to too low then not enough reproduction occurs which snowballs into the community dying out |
|
|
Term
| what are two mechanisms that cause the allee effect? |
|
Definition
two mechanisms that contribute to the allee effect
1. juvenilles dying without adult care
2. at low pop density organisms have trouble finding mates |
|
|
Term
| realized niche is determined by what natural factors |
|
Definition
| realized niche is determined by predators, resource availibility, competitors, parasites, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total range of conditions that an organism is equipped to live in |
|
|
Term
| what carves out the realized niche from the fundamental niche? |
|
Definition
| predators, resource availbility, parasites, competition, etc all determine where is the realized niche lies within the fundamental niche |
|
|
Term
| what is competitive exclusion |
|
Definition
| competitive exclusion keeps two organisms from occupying the same realized niche |
|
|
Term
| when do bees use waggle dance vs round dance |
|
Definition
| when resources are close by, bees use round dance, when resources are far away, bees use waggle dance |
|
|
Term
| what do bees use as piont of reference for direction when dancing? |
|
Definition
| bees use the sun for reference, if sun is behind clouds they can still use UV light. If sun isn't visible at all, they use gravity for reference |
|
|
Term
| when is bee dance ineffective with a horizontal comb (comb is bee house) |
|
Definition
| b/c with horizontal comb, gravity can't be used as a reference |
|
|
Term
| ____ bees express information through dance to ____ bees |
|
Definition
| scout bees express information through dance to recruit bees |
|
|
Term
| going from the equator to high latitudes, what are the cells? |
|
Definition
| hadley, ferrel, and polar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermohaline current, "conveyor belt of the ocean" |
|
|
Term
| in the intertropical convergence zone, what kind of seasons do you have? |
|
Definition
| in the intertropical convergence zone, you have rainy vs dry seasons |
|
|
Term
| what biome has the most rain? |
|
Definition
| rainforest has more rain than any other biome |
|
|
Term
| when do tropical decidous forests lose thier leaves? |
|
Definition
| there is no winter or summer in tropics, tropical decidous forests lose their leaves in the dry season |
|
|
Term
| what qualities does the chaparral forest have? |
|
Definition
| chaparal forest has bushes and scrub plants, it is resistant to burning |
|
|
Term
| what difference in climate determines short grass versus tall grass prarie |
|
Definition
more rain=tall grass prairie
less rain = short grass prairie |
|
|
Term
| what is the biome that rochester is in? |
|
Definition
| rochester is in a temperate deciduous forest |
|
|
Term
| what kind of trees dominate boreal forests? |
|
Definition
| boreal forests are primarily made up of conifers (evergreen trees) |
|
|
Term
| what is the scientific term for the cause of a rain shadow? |
|
Definition
| rain shadows are caused adiabatic cooling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adiabatic cooling is when warm, moist air is pushed upwards by mountains, cools, and loses all of it's moisture. The area downwind of the mountains gets no moisture, and this area is called a rain shadow. rain shadows often lead to deserts |
|
|
Term
| why is europe warmer than continental u.s. at the same latitudes? |
|
Definition
| the gulf stream bring warm water from near equator to europe |
|
|
Term
| when looking at population dynamics, what are the terms "b" and "d" |
|
Definition
| "b" is per capita birth rate and "d" is per capita death rate |
|
|
Term
| what three things affect "r" in a population? |
|
Definition
"r" is intrinsic rate of population growth. It is affected by
- time to maturity
- birth rate
- death rate
|
|
|
Term
| what is the term "k" in terms of population dynamics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is age structure important to population dynamics? |
|
Definition
| birth/death rates depend of age, knowing population dynmaics requires knowing age |
|
|
Term
| how are the niches of warbler different? |
|
Definition
| the niches between warblers are different spots on the same tree |
|
|
Term
| describe the relationship between carrying capacity and size of organisms |
|
Definition
| larger organsisms have a lower carrying capactiy |
|
|
Term
| what the relationship between organism size and exitinction risk? |
|
Definition
| smaller organisms see a smaller risk of extinction |
|
|
Term
| are there more species of heterotrophs or autotrophs on earth? |
|
Definition
| there are more species of heterotrphs, more biomass of autotrophs |
|
|
Term
| with the experiment where they fenced off squares of land with fences w/ different sized holes, there was a direct effect and an indirect effect, what were they? |
|
Definition
the direct effect that that with the kangaroo rats, the house mice population went up
the indirect effect was that with kangaroo rats to eat the big-seeded plants, the big-seeded plants outshaded all the small-seeded plants and the house mice population crashed |
|
|
Term
| often early colonizers are a combination of _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| often early colonizers are a combination of heterotroph and autotroph, like lichen for example |
|
|
Term
| what was a situation were scientists got to see a ecosystem develop from nothing? |
|
Definition
| when mt saint helens blew, scientists got to watch the first colonizers come in, and the ecosystem develop from there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of an ecosystem from when there is no soil, like after mt saint helens |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between disturbances of an ecosystem and it's diversity? |
|
Definition
| diversity maxes out when disturbances are intermediate: not to large/often, not to small/rare |
|
|
Term
| why does an environment with many destructive disturbances have low diversity? |
|
Definition
| because the only things that can propser there are good colonizers than can exist with very little soil/other organisms |
|
|
Term
| why does an ecosystem with rare/small disturbances see lower diversity? |
|
Definition
| n an ecosystem where disturbances don't play a big role, the only things to prosper are very good competitors. There isn't a huge diversity in the organsisms that are very competitors |
|
|
Term
| what is a type of ecosystem where disturbances play a very small role |
|
Definition
| climax forests don't see much effect from disturbances, they are only populated by the best competitors |
|
|
Term
| what type of ecosystem is the goldilocks of the intermediate disturbance theory? |
|
Definition
| inter-tidal zones don't see so much disturbance so that diversity can't devlop, but see enough disturbances to make sure that the best competitors don't compleley dominate |
|
|
Term
| what is name of the theory that defines the relationship between disturbances and diversity? |
|
Definition
| the intermediate disturbance theory defines the relationship between disturbances and diversity |
|
|
Term
| what were the first two organisms to live on mt saint helens after it erupted? |
|
Definition
| lupine and rhizobium were the first primary sucessors of mount saint helens after it erupted |
|
|
Term
| what is the name for a relationship that helps on organism and doesn't effect the other |
|
Definition
| commensailism is an relationship between two organisms that is helpful for one and doesn't effect the other |
|
|
Term
| difference between ecto and endoparasites |
|
Definition
ecoparasites live outside the hose
endoparasites live inside the host |
|
|
Term
| if one species of parasite has more than one host, what are the hosts called and what seperates them? |
|
Definition
| intermediate host(s) are ones that the parasites live in, but don't reproduce in. Definitive host is the one the parasite reproduces in |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 effects of parasites of selection? |
|
Definition
two effects of parasites on selection
1. parasites kill off less fit organisms, and make less fit organsisms less likley to reproduce, they act as selective factor
2. organsisms prefer unparasitized mates, this is parasite's effect on sexual selection |
|
|
Term
| what other than competition over resources keeps a population under carrying capacity |
|
Definition
| parasites also help keep population under carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
of the following, which are micro parasites and which are macroparasites:
bacteria, fleas, ticks, viruses, fungi, protozoa |
|
Definition
microparasites: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
macroparasites: fleas, ticks |
|
|
Term
| what type of parasite never completes more than one generation per infection |
|
Definition
| macroparasites only complete one or less generation per infectio |
|
|
Term
| what do organisms generally gain immunity to: microparasites or macroparasites |
|
Definition
| organisms generally can get immunity to microparasites like bacteria or viruses, but rarely get immunity to macroparasites like fleas or ticks |
|
|
Term
| which has varible host specificity, endo or ectoparasites |
|
Definition
| some ecto parasites have low host specificity, for example deer ticks can infect deer and people. it is rare for a endoparasite like a virus to switch from one host species to another |
|
|
Term
| the SIR model is for what type of parasite |
|
Definition
| the SIR model is only for directly transmitted endoparaties, b/c it requires that those who survive infection are immune |
|
|
Term
| What the S, I, and R in the SIR model |
|
Definition
the S term account for those susceptible to disease, it specifically refers to the density of susceptible people
The I term is infected people
The R term is recovered people |
|
|
Term
| define threshold density for a particular parasite |
|
Definition
| threshold density if the the minimum density of susuceptible people that could be infected necessary for the disease to spread |
|
|
Term
| what determines threshold density for a particular disease? |
|
Definition
| the rate of transmission effects threshold density for a particular disease, a high rate of transmission means you need fewer suscpetibles in one area for a disease to spread |
|
|
Term
| are high population or low populations more likley to retain an infectous disease |
|
Definition
in a high population, an infectous disease is more likley to persist.
In a low population, it is more likley for an infectious disease to die out completley |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of a vaccination program looking to stop an infectous disease? |
|
Definition
| you need to ge the number of susceptibles to be lower than the threshold density for crowd immunity to work, then infectious disease is less likey to spread |
|
|
Term
cause oscillatory dynamics of SIR model/infectous disease
|
|
Definition
1. disease breaks out, some people die and the rest become immune, disease dies down
2. more poeple are born who are susceptible until threshold density is reached, then infectous disease comes back |
|
|
Term
| if there is no horizontal transmission of a parasite, what route does it take? |
|
Definition
| if there is no horizontal transmission of a parasite, then it is passed vertically (parent to offspring) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avirulent parasites are non-harmful, maybe even beneficial |
|
|
Term
| high rates of host mortality favors virulent or avirulent parasites and why? |
|
Definition
| if host mortaility is high, an avirulent parasite won't do well because there is a smaller chance of the host making viable offspring. However, a virulent parasite can move to a new host before the orginal host dies |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between faculative and obligate symbiotic relationships |
|
Definition
the difference is whether either organisms' survival hinges on the other
faculative symbiosis: the two organisms will engage in symbiosis if the other is around, but don't need the symbiotic relationship to survive
obligate symbiosis: with the symbiotic relationship, one or both of the organisms cannot survive |
|
|
Term
| give three examples of faculative mutualism |
|
Definition
1. seed disperal by animals
2. cleaner fish that eat gunk off of other fish's teeth
3. pollination of flowers by insects |
|
|
Term
| give three examples of obligate mutualism |
|
Definition
1. termites and the protozoa in thier gut that help the termites digest wood
2. leaf cutter ants and the fungi they feed
3. membrane-bound cellular organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc) |
|
|
Term
| example of defensive mutualism |
|
Definition
| ants protect plants from herbavores and then the plants give the ants a home as well as protein for ganiz |
|
|
Term
3 advantages of animal pollination
|
|
Definition
1. gets places wind won't, like if wind generally blows east. animals will also go west
2. location of mates if mates are rare. If an green berry plant can give it's pollen to an animals that particulary likes green berry plants, the pollen wil end up at another green berry plant
3. plants don't need to produce as much pollen if animals seek out other plants of the same species |
|
|
Term
| two costs to plants of animal pollination |
|
Definition
1. Cost of making the rewards: sugary nectar and protein rich pollen
2. cost of advertisement: flowers |
|
|
Term
| what are the conflicting interests of pollinators and plants |
|
Definition
1. plants want thier pollen to reach many other organisms to maximize mating, while pollinators want to minimize distance distance to minmize resources spent
2. plants want to minimze the floral resources consumed by pollinators, while pollinators want to gain an many resources from any one plant as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when plants produce a pheromone that smells like female bees, male bees begin to mate with the flower until they realize its a flower and they shouldn't make with it, then leave with some pollen on them and go to a new flower and do the same thing, pollinating the second flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when bees get nector through the stem of a flower instead of where it comes out where the pollen is, and then the bees don't get pollen on them and don't pollinate the next flower |
|
|
Term
| what is specail about prochloroccos? |
|
Definition
| prochloroccos use chlorophyll B, whereas most photosynthetic organisms use chlorophyll A |
|
|
Term
| humans are directly using ____ of the world's NPP |
|
Definition
| humans are directly using 20% of the world's NPP |
|
|
Term
| in reality, humans are appropriating ____ of the world's NPP, why is the higher than the amount we are directly using? |
|
Definition
| in reality, humans are appropriating 40% of the world's NPP, 20% we are directly using, an other 20% comes from ecosystem we have destroyed/hurt |
|
|
Term
| why global GPP changing the way it is? |
|
Definition
| higher global temperatures and reduced cloud cover mean global GPP is going up |
|
|
Term
| goal of millenium ecosystem assessment |
|
Definition
| the goal of the millenium ecosystem assessment is putting a $ value on ecosystems |
|
|
Term
monetary value of ecosystems can be broken down into these three categories
|
|
Definition
1. sellable good like grain, wood, rubber, marijuana, etc
2. protection like marshes protect against hurricanes
3. cultural value, tourists pay to see redwoods/mt everest/whatever |
|
|
Term
| what important value did the mississippi river have that we took away by polluting it? |
|
Definition
| the mississippi river used to flood and put nutrients in the surrounding waters, but the river is so nutrient poor the flooding doesn't help |
|
|
Term
| degredation of ecosystem has this effect on natural disasters |
|
Definition
| as ecosystems degrade, frequency and destructive power of natural disasters goes up |
|
|
Term
| ecosystem service in relation to coffee |
|
Definition
| bees pollinate coffee plants to give bigger beans, the ecosystem service is the forest that provides the bees |
|
|
Term
| most successful ecosystem repair in the world |
|
Definition
| when NYC spent money restoring catskill's ecosystem so the water would stay clean enough to drink |
|
|
Term
| how did we help clean the water coming from the catskills? |
|
Definition
| we spent money repairing septic systems of houses in the catskills, which made the water quality from the catskills go up |
|
|
Term
| what was the name of the project to build a biome in a greenhouse? how did it go? |
|
Definition
| bioshpere 2 was the project to build an independent biome in a greenhouse, it was to expensive and a lot of organisms died |
|
|
Term
| difference between cod and lobster populations, why are they different? |
|
Definition
| cod populations were overfished and the population become critically low, lobsters weren't fished as agressivley and the population is in a far more stable situation |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia is a genetic disease carried on sex chromosomes. Hemophilia is recessive. In a cross between a non-hemophilic female and a hemophilic male, what % of the offspring will have hemophilia? |
|
Definition
| none, the sperm cell only one infected X chromosome, it is impossible for the offspring to get 2 infected x chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia is a genetic disease carried on sex chromosomes. Hemophilia is recessive. In a cross between a non-hemophilic female and a hemophilic male, what % of the female offspring will be carriers for the disease? |
|
Definition
| all the females have one infected X chromsome from the father, so they are all carriers |
|
|
Term
| more fluctations in allele freqeuncy mean a larger or smaller population? |
|
Definition
| a smaller population will see larger shifts in allilic frequency |
|
|
Term
| 2 equations for hardy weinburg equilibrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the equation (p^2)+2pq+(q^2)=1, what does each term stand for? |
|
Definition
p is % of p alleles
q is % of 1 alleles |
|
|
Term
| if p^2=.16, when what is the percentage of heterogenous organisms in a population at hardy-weinbrug? |
|
Definition
p^2=.16, thus, p=.4, thus q=.6
the total population is broken down into p^2(homogenous for p), 2pq(homogenous) and q^2(homogenous for q). these all add up to one, so
2*p*q= 2*.6*.4=.48= # of heterogenous organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics (genes, developmental pathways, traits, behaviors, mutations, etc) that are shared by a group of organisms because they share a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| parental investment has what connection to variance in reproductive sucess? |
|
Definition
| the more parental investment, the less variance in reproductive sucess. Either you spend resources raising offspring, or you take you chances with reproducing |
|
|
Term
| male giant water bugs to more parental investment, which species of giant water bug sees greater variance in sucess? |
|
Definition
| females see more variance in reproductive sucess than males becuase females invest less in offspring |
|
|
Term
| hamilton's rule for altruism |
|
Definition
| the cost to helper must be less than (benefit)*(relatedness) |
|
|
Term
| relatedness between sister hymenoptera |
|
Definition
| sister hymenoptera differ by 25%, so the relatedness between sister hymenoptera is .75 |
|
|
Term
| inclusive fitness can be measured by what |
|
Definition
| the inclusive fitness is a measure of how an organisms helps it's genes be passed down through it's offspring and it's own genes be passed down through it's relatives |
|
|
Term
| measure of direct fitness |
|
Definition
| direct fitness is measured by an organisms's sucess by passing it's own gene down only through its own offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psuedogenes are sequences that would be functioning genes, except they have a stop codon within them, this stop codon keeps them from doing anything. they are defunct relatives of functioning genes. They always come from a gene duplication event and are found in closley related species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| xenalogous genes are functioning genes that come from horizontal transfer between unrelated species |
|
|
Term
| peusdogenes and xenologous genes differ in _____ and _____ |
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Definition
they differ in function: peusdogenes aren't expressed, xenalogous genes are
they differ in origin: peusdogenes come from a gene duplication event and xenalogous genes come from a unrelated organism |
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Term
| define genotypic frequency |
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Definition
| genotypic frequency is the % of the total population that one genotype makes up. |
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Term
| if 42% of organisms display genotype A, 42% is the _____ |
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Definition
| if 42% of organisms display genotype A, then 42% is the gentypic frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| set of all genes/alleles in a population |
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Term
| what is the word for all genes/alleles in a population? |
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Definition
| the set of all genes/alleles in a population is called the gene pool |
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Term
| difference between genotypic frequency and gene pool |
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Definition
| genotypic frequency is the frequency of organisms that display a genotype, gene pool is a assessment of all genes/alleles in a population |
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Term
| bacterial conjugation goes through what structure? |
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Definition
| bacterial conjugation goes through the pilus, the pilus is the bacterial sex organ |
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Term
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Definition
| a pilus is the bacterial sex organ |
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Term
| what was the name of alfred wallace's book? |
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Definition
| alfred wallace's book was called origin of species by means of natural selection |
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Term
| what did alfred russel wallace do? |
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Definition
| alfred russel wallace thought of natural selection independantly of darwin, then co-wrote a paper on natural selection with darwin, then proceded to write a book called the origin of species by means of natural selection, which was published the following year |
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Term
| if gametes produced by meiosis from one induvidual unite, then will they be the same as haploid cell from the induvidual or not? why? |
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Definition
| if gametes from one induvidual recombine, they will not be the same because of recombination and crossing over |
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Term
| explain why homology is strong evidence for descent with modification |
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Definition
| homology shows how one structure can be modified over many generations to fit the needs of a particular species. As one ancester splits into seperate species, those seperate species maintain features of the common ancester, but the features change with time as natural selection favors the organisms who feature is best suited for that species |
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Term
| there are a fair number of new mutations in humans per generation, why do we rarely see the effects of mutations |
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Definition
| only 1.5% of human DNA is directly expressed, so most mutations occur in non-coding regions. Also, there are sites such as position 3 of codons that may not have an effect on protein coding and thus no effect on fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| non-photosynthetic plastid associated with some protozoan parasites. |
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Term
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Definition
| photosynthetic plastid found in red algae and euglenoids |
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Term
| primary difference between apicoplasts and rhodoplasts |
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Definition
apicoplasts are non-photosynthetic
rhodoplasts are photosynthetic |
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Term
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Definition
| a clade is a group of organisms that is made up of an ancestor and all of it's descendants |
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Term
| how do we use outgroups when studying phylogeny? |
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Definition
| outgroups are used to look at general sequence/progression/timing of changes in a phylogenic trees |
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Term
| similarity between clade and outgroup |
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Definition
| both are monophyletic groups |
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Term
| difference between clade and outgroup |
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Definition
| the difference between a clade and an outgroup is that a clade is a group containing an ancestor and all it's descendants, while an outgroup is a tool to estimate the evolutionary history of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a micelle is the container made of phospholipids that could have served as the membrane for the earliest protocells. it wasn't a cell membrane, because it existed pre-life, before the first cells |
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Term
| main difference between micelle and stromolites |
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Definition
| the main difference is that stromalties are fossils and post origin of life and micelle and pre-life |
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Term
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Definition
| totipotent cells are stem cells that can become any cell in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| mutlipotent stem cells can turn into many, but not all types of cells in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion of bacterial colonies, the purpose is to protect them from the environment around them. the secretion is generally polysaccarides |
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Term
| difference between biofilms and membrane |
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Definition
| biofilms are secretions made by bacterial colonies, membranes surround all cells known to human |
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Term
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Definition
| a similar feature shared by two groups because of convergent evolution, i.e. homoplasy are analogous features. examples: wings on bats and insects, or leg loss on worms and snakes |
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Term
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Definition
| a paraphylitic group contains an ancestor and some but not all of it's descendants |
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Term
| why can't DNA catalyze a reaction? |
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Definition
| DNA's double helix structure means that DNA can't conform to the right shape to act as an enzyme |
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Term
| give an example of a synapomorphy of bacteria |
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Definition
| all bacteria have peptidoglycan, this is one synampomorphy |
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Term
| what was the original function of pharyngeal gill slits? |
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Definition
| the original function of pharyngeal gill slits was filter feeding |
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Term
| what organ started out as being useful for filter feeding but then changed? |
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Definition
| pharyngeal gill slits were originally used for filter feeding |
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Term
| in the cambrian period, what types of organisms were terrestrial |
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Definition
| in the cambrian period, only prokaryotes were terrestial |
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Term
| what two plates are interacting in what way to form the himalayas? |
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Definition
| the indian and asian plates are converging, pushing earth up to make the himilayan mountains |
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Term
| in chordata, were is the notochord? |
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Definition
| in chordata, the notochord runs the length of the body between the gut and dorsal nerve cord |
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Term
| what is the function of the notochord in cephalochordata? |
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Definition
| the function of the notochord in cephalochordata is rigidity or support |
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Term
name four characteristics shared by all life
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|
Definition
1. universal genetic code
2. DNA replication
3. DNA → RNA → proteins
4. cell membrane
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Term
| why are ribozymes strong evidence for the RNA world hypothesis? |
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Definition
| the RNA world hypothesis says that RNA was the first information molecule. The first information molecule must have been able to catalyze reactions, the fact that RNA can catalyze reactions is strong evidence for the theory that RNA was the first information molecule |
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Term
| what caused the mass extinction at the end of the cretacous period? |
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Definition
| the mass extinction at the end of the crestacous period was caused by a asteriod hitting the yucatan peninsula and making the gulf of mexico |
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Term
| one peice of evidence for the thoery that an asteriod caused the mass extinction at the end of the cretacous period |
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Definition
| the irdium layer in sedimentary rocks distributed across the world that is dated back to one time |
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Term
| function of the choanocyte in porifera |
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Definition
| the chanocyte is a cell with flagella that pulls water through the holes of the porifera and allow the porifera to feed |
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Term
| what group of deuterostomata have radial symmetry in the adult stage? |
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Definition
| the group echinodermata have radial symmetry in the adult stage |
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Term
| what is the fate of the blastopore in an ecdysozoa? |
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Definition
| in an ecdysozoa, the blastopore becomes the mouth |
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Term
| the most species rich group of arthropoda in marine environments is |
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Definition
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Term
| oceanic plates that form the mid atlantic ridge are moving which way? |
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Definition
| the oceanic plates that form the mid atlantic ridge are diverging |
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Term
| name a plant group that has gametophyte as dominant stage |
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Definition
| mosses have gametophyte as dominant stage |
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Term
| what is the ploidy of sporophyte of mosses, liverworts, hornworts, or bryophytes? |
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Definition
| the sporophytes of those organisms are diploid, or 2N |
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Term
| in mosses and other plants that have gametophyte as dominant stage, spores are made by ____ |
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Definition
| in plants where gametophytes are dominant stage, spores are made by meiosis |
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Term
| in what group do hyphae (septate or coenocytic) occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| if you compare two endothermic inviduals of the same species, one of the induviduals lives cold water, and the other in warm water, which induvidual would consume more oxygen? |
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Definition
| the one in cold water would use more oxygen |
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Term
| name one anatomical constitutive defense in plants |
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Definition
| hairs act as an anatomical constitutive defense in plants |
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Term
| name a consititutive defense in plants that involves secondary metabolites |
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Definition
| caffeine is a secondary metabolite that acts as a constitutive defense in plants |
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Term
| name a species that has co-occured with homo sapiens in the last 195,000 years |
|
Definition
| homo neaderthalensis co-existed with homo sapiens |
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Term
| fick's law of rate diffusion says that diffusion depends on these 3 things |
|
Definition
1. cocentration gradient
2. area of membrane
3. diffusion coefficient, which is porosity of membrane |
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Term
| advantage of countercurrent exchange for movement of O2 between water and blood terms of fick's law |
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Definition
| a countercurrent exchange maximizes the difference in O2 concentration between water and blood, and thus maximizes the movement from O2 rich water to O2 poor blood |
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Term
| does circulatory system scale up with surface area or volume? |
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Definition
| circulatory system is connected to voume, as the circulatory system is responsible for bringing nutrients to all cells within a organism |
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Term
| why is water loss a bigger problem for smaller organisms? |
|
Definition
| water is lost through the skin. Smaller organisms have a higher surface area to volume ratio, meaning they lose a larger percent of thier total mass in water through their skin |
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Term
| name of the rule that says that induviduals from one species in colder climates have a stouter body and shorter apendages? |
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Definition
| Bergman's Rule says that induviduals from one species from colder climates have shorter apendages and a stouter body |
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Term
| what part of the antibody determines what family it is in? |
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Definition
| the constant region of the heavy chain determines what family the antibody is in |
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Term
| what part of the antibody determines specifity to epitopes? |
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Definition
| the varaible region of the heavy and light chains determines what epitope the antibody would be specific to |
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|
Term
| what cell type produces antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the vomeronasal organ? |
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Definition
| the vomeronasal organ is where chemoreception of airborne odors takes place. it is connected to to olifactory bulb in the brain |
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Term
| two advantages of bipedalism in primates |
|
Definition
1. it frees the forelimbs for carrying things
2. it is more energy efficient than quadripedal |
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Term
| how is stomatal behvaior different between C4 and CAM plants? |
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Definition
| CAM plants close thier stomata during the day because CAM plants are in desert conditions. C4 plants keep thier stomata open all of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| clonal deletion is when developing T cells that look like they will attack non-invasive cells (self cells) are deleted so that they don't attack the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| colonal selection is where after the body recognizes a pathogen, it begins to rapdily create T and B cells specialized to fight that pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| saprophytic fungi decompose dead organic material |
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