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throughout the body is accomplished through the release of hormones including steroid hormones and sex hormones |
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Widespread communication throughout the body is accomplished through the release of hormones including |
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Definition
| steroid hormones and sex hormones |
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have two types of sex hormones androgens and estrogens |
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can have the following effects organizing effects that occur during development to determine whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics and activating effects that occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response *i.e. puberty, emotions, sex behaviors |
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occur during development to determine whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics |
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occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response *i.e. puberty, emotions, sex behaviors |
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in humans depends mostly on the level of testosterone during a sensitive period at about the third and fourth month of pregnancy. |
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early in life bind to receptors in specific areas of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other brain areas and produce anatomical and physiological differences. |
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do not cause behavior but rather alter the activity in various brain areas to change the way the brain responds to certain stimuli. |
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Sex hormones increase responses of certain areas of the hypothalamus such as
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Definition
ventromedial nucleus
medialpreoptic area (MPOA),
anterior hypothalamus. |
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trigger the release of dopamine by the MPOA and other areas the dopamine release is associated with sexual arousal and erotoninactivity decreases sexual activity by blocking dopamine release. |
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Definition
| testosterone and estradiol |
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| is associated with sexual arousal . |
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| decreases sexual activity by blocking dopamine release. |
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suggests that specific genes influence whether people prefer single or multiple mates |
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are likely to be a product of developmental learning |
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is affected by two major issues gender identity as a learned product of developmental experience and biological factors of prenatal hormones
***True |
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of emotion suggests that the autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in an emotion |
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Definition
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| people with a weak autonomic or skeletal response should feel less emotion |
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| according to the James-Lange theory |
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| creating certain body actions may also influence ____ |
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includes the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus and has traditionally been regarded as critical for emotion |
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| People with greater activity in the ____tend to be happier, more out-going and friendlier |
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| People with greater activity in the ___tend to be socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life, and prone to unpleasant emotions. |
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| is to help us make decisions |
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| one major function of emotion |
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| are associated with increased activity in the corticomedial area of the amygdala |
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| of the mother have been identified as an important correlational prenatal factor as influencing violent behavior |
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| studies suggest a connection between ___and low serotonin release |
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Definition
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| is the enzyme that converts tryptophan into serotonin |
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interferes with the learning of fear responses, retention of fear responses previously learned, and interpreting or understanding stimuli with emotional consequences |
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| intended to control anxiety alter activity at amygdala synapses change the excitatory neuromodulator in the amygdala CCK (cholecystokinin) and the main inhibitory transmitter in GABA |
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emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors on health |
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Definition
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| two systems in the body including the autonomic nervous system - “fight or flight” response and the HPA axis - the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex |
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| researched classical conditioning in which pairing of two stimuli changes the response to one of them |
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| response can be elicited by the CS without the UCS, which is known as a conditioned response (CR). |
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esponses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that either strengthen or weaken a behavior |
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Definition
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proposed two key principles about the nervous system equipotentialitywhich means all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors (e.g. learning) and mass actiondescribes the cortex working as a whole, not as solitary isolated units |
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| which means all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors (e.g. learning) |
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| describes the cortex working as a whole, not as solitary isolated units |
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in 1949 differentiated between two types of memory short-term memory and long-term memory |
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Three major components of working memory include |
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Definition
phonological loop,
visuospatialsketchpad
central executive
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of the prefrontal cortex in the elderly is associated with decreasing memory |
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| different areas of the hippocampus are active during memory formation and retrieval damage results in ___ |
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| Two major types of amnesia include |
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anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
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| which is a loss of the ability to form new memory after the brain damage occurred |
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Definition
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| which is the loss of memory events prior to the occurrence of the brain damage |
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Explicit memory is the deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory and implicit memory is the influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory |
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Definition
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| is the deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory and |
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Definition
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| is the influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory |
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| is the process of strengthening short-term memories into long-term memories by small to moderate amounts of cortisol which activate the amygdala and hippocampus where they enhance storage and consolidation of recent experiences |
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| is prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency impedes the ability of the brain to metabolize glucose. |
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Definition
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| is associated with a gradually progressive loss of memory often occurring in old age with 99% pf cases being late onset and only early onset seems to be infuenced by genes |
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Definition
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| gender identity is affected by two major issues |
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Definition
gender identity
biological factors |
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