Term
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Definition
| produce antiemetic effects by blocking transmission of afferent information from vestibular system; effective in treating or preventing motion sickness & vertigo, they have little effect in treatment of other types of nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that produce main effects on CRZT; effective in treating N/V resulting from stimulation of CRTZ (post-op, chemo, radiation sickness); little to no effect on treating motion sickness & vertigo |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs have pronounced anticholinergic activity --> most effective in treating N/V from motion sickness & vertigo; some may also affect CRTZ & vomiting center but are less effective than dopamine antagonists |
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Term
| scopolamine [Transderm Scop] |
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Definition
| anticholinergic drug that acts primarily on vestibular system; used in treating & preventing vertigo & motion sickness; SEs: dry mouth, constipation, urine retention, loss of visual accomodation, sedation, confusion, amnesia |
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Term
| Antihistamines (dimenhydrinate [Dramamine], meclizine [Bonine, Antivert], promethazine [Phenergan], diphenhydramine [Benadryl]) |
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Definition
| drugs that have primary effect on vestiular system but some may also have weak effects on CRTZ; used in treating & preventing motion sickness & vertigo; some may also have more general antiemetic activity though not the most effective in treating N/V caused by activation of CRTZ; SEs: dry mouth, constipation, urine retention, loss of visual accomodation, SEDATION |
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Term
| prochlorperazine [Compazine], metoclopramide [Reglan] |
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Definition
| dopamine (D2) antagonist with primary action on CRTZ; used as antiemetic for post-op nausea, cytotoxic drugs, radiation sickness, & toxins; SEs: parkinsonism, postural hypotension, anticholinergic effects, sedation, lethargy, psychomotor slowing; possible teratogenic effects but no strong evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| dopamine antagonist in CRTZ but also acts on enteric nerves to increase GI tone & motility & increases tone in lower esophageal sphincter; used in treating N/V during cancer chemotherapy; also useful in post-op N/V, toxin-induced V, & V associated with radiation; also used to treat a variety of GI problems including gastric stasis & GERD; commonly used as pre-op med to prevent possible aspiration of vomitus; SEs: sedation, extrapyramidal motor problems (parkinsonism, acute dystonia) |
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Term
| ondansetron [Zofran], granisetron [Kytril] |
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Definition
| 5-HT3 (serotonin) antagonists used in preventing N/V during cancer chemotherapy & post-op N/V; very effective in 80% of pts; depresses CRTZ & inhibits serotonin-mediated afferent input from GI tract; given IV or ORALLY; Main ADRs: headache, constipation |
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Term
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Definition
| cannabinoid; main active constituent of marijuana; used in controlling N/V during cancer chemo in pts who don't respond to other drugs; SEs: CNS - sedation, confusion, disorientation, loss of control, altered sensation, paranoia, psychotic reactions - not tolerated well by elderly pts; smoking may be more effective than ORAL PILL use |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| used in military to prevent motion sickness; can counteract sedative effects; not used routinely because of CNS effects & abuse potential |
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Term
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Definition
| OTC herbal product that has anti-emetic activities |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of prevention of motion sickness & vertigo, post-op N/V, radiation sickness, drug-induced vomiting; avoid in pregnancy if possible |
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Term
| Rationale for Antitussive Therapy |
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Definition
| 1) remove cause of irritation; 2) increase airway secretions to mobilize irritants; 3) desensitize peripheral receptors; 4) act on CNS component |
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Term
| opioids (codeine, hydrocodone) |
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Definition
| most effective antitussive; used in moderate to severe cough; doses are lower than analgesic doses; SEs: sedation, light-headedness, confusion, nausea, dizziness, & constipation; can be abused & potential for physical dependence |
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Term
| dextromethorphan [Benylin DM, Pertussin, Vicks Formula 44] |
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Definition
| chemically similar to opioids but does not have their effects; used for mild-moderate cough; antitussive effect results from blockage of NMDA receptors in cough control centers; SEs: mild - sedation, dizziness, confusion; much lower abuse potential but high doses are being abused by young people |
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Term
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Definition
| antitussive with local anesthetic activity that claims to desensitize receptors in airway; may also have some effect on cough control center; available in capsule ORAL form; SEs: mild - constipation, nasal congestion, nausea, drowsiness, skin rashes |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that acts on receptors in airway; found in many preparations like cough drops, syrups, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| most widely used expectorant; efficacy has been questioned; acts as mild irritant in GI tract & activate reflexes leading to increased mucus production in airway |
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Term
| acetylcysteine [Mucomyst] |
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Definition
| mucolytic agent that breaks mucus plugs & makes them easier to mobilize; acts to disrupt disulfide linkages, decreasing viscosity of mucus; administered via NEBULIZER; used in conditions where mucus plugs may be a problem (following surgery, tracheotomy care, severe bronchitis, emphysema); also used as antidote in APAP poisoning |
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Term
| antihistamines (diphenhydramine, promethazine) |
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Definition
| alleviate coughing by antagonizing effects of histamine, decreasing irritation or constriction of airway; cause sedation & have weak effect on cough control center; found in a wide variety of antitussives & cold remedies |
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Term
| bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists) |
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Definition
| decreases airway resistance; particularly useful in asthma where bronchoconstriction is key problem |
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Term
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Definition
| "syrupy" materials that exert coating & soothing action - often included in cough preparations |
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