Term
| Top 10 Leading Causes of Death in the US (1900) |
|
Definition
| 1. Flu/Pneumonia; 2. Tuberculosis; 3. Diarrhea/Intestinal Diseases; 4. Heart Diseases; 5. Cerebral Vascular Lesions; 6. Kidney Disease; 7. Accidents; 8. Cancer; 9. Senility; 10. Diphtheria |
|
|
Term
| Top 10 Leading Causes of Death in the US (2007) |
|
Definition
| 1. Coronary Heart Disease; 2. Cancer; 3. Stroke; 4. Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases; 5. Unintentional Accidents; 6. Alzheimer's Disease; 7. Diabetes Mellitus; 8. Flu/Pneumonia; 9. Kidney Disease; 10. Septicemia |
|
|
Term
| Infectious Diseases: 1900 vs. 2007 |
|
Definition
| 623/19,000 died, life expectancy 46 years in 1900; 50 died, life expectancy 76 (whites) in 2007 |
|
|
Term
| Relationship Between Psychological/Social Causal Factors & Physical Disorders |
|
Definition
| 50% of deaths are traced to lifestyle patterns; Barlow: biopsychosocial factors play role in cause/maintenance of every disorder known to humanity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Data applied to prevention of disease, diagnosis & treatment of disease - interdisciplinary field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subfield of behavioral medicine, change in health care systems & policies to improve health - not interdisciplinary |
|
|
Term
| Psychological & Social Factors Influencing Health Problems |
|
Definition
| Long-standing behaviors such as smoking and substance abuse, poor eating habits, poor exercise, sexual lifestyle choices |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol Issue (Stress Physiology) |
|
Definition
| Sapolsky; Chronic stress leads to inability of Hippocampus to "turn off" stress response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influences stress conditions - major psychological variable; good health is related to underlying sense of controlability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connection between brain functioning & immune system; learning can effect immune system responsiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1991: Studied cold virus susceptibility & stress during past year; 2003: sociability net & # of friends is related to cold susceptibility - immune system mediates susceptibility to infections & is affected by stressors & how we handle them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Until mid-1970s thought there was no connection between brain functioning & immune system; Pavlovian conditioning w/ rats: gave rats sugar water + immunosupressant - sugar water on later trials suppressed immune system --> field of psychoneuroimmunology looks at factors --> immune system functioning |
|
|
Term
| S. Cohen, Tyrrell & Smith (1991) |
|
Definition
| Relationship between psychological stress & frequency of documented clinical colds; psychological stress is associated w/ increased risk of getting cold (rates of infection) |
|
|
Term
| S. Cohen & Herbert (1996) |
|
Definition
| Psychological factors (reaction to stress in environment) --> CNS innervation, Hormonal response & Behavioral change --> Immune supression changes --> physical disease susceptibility |
|
|
Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| Hans Selye; 3 phases of stress responses - alarm, resistance & exhaustion (permanent damage, death) |
|
|
Term
| Prolonged Stress Reaction |
|
Definition
| Selye; Exhaustion - hippocampus damaged, brain damage, dementia, muscle atrophy, hypertension, immune system response damaged, pituitary gland less responsive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fights foreign substances in body (antigens), can target own cells - abnormal or damaged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances foreign to body - bacteria, viruses, parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First line of defense; "maps" antigen - takes antigen & matches it, sensitize T Cells to danger, only releases necessary cells to match & destroy antigen fighting body; 2 different branches: Cellular & Humoral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular Branch of Macrophages (Immune System) |
|
Definition
| Contains Lympha Cells: Helper T4 Cells, Killer T Cells, Memory T Cells & Suppressor T Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signals Humoral Branch & mobilizes Killer T Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroys antigens; immune system produces more than need - 2x more than suppressors, can attack own body, overactive immune system --> auto-immune diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remembers the structure of antigens, quicker if particular antigen has been in the body before |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stops guard action of immune system |
|
|
Term
| Humoral Branch of Macrophages (Immune System) |
|
Definition
| Helper T4 Cells signals B Cells; B-lyphocyte Cells & Memory B Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce immuniglobullins/antibodies: "flag" antigens so they can be destroyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of factors that can neutralize & suppress immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rheumatoid Arthritis or HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transferred through blood; Southern Africa hardest hit region - 20-40% adult pop infected; world pop infected: > 30 million; |
|
|
Term
| AIDS Treatment Strategies |
|
Definition
| No current cure, but are psychosocial treatment strategies to enhance/increase immune system functioning - stress seems to play a role in effecting immune system so learn to manage stress & cope effectively to buffer/lower viral load: Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) |
|
|
Term
| AIDS Related Complex (ARC) |
|
Definition
| Median time from infection to full blown AIDS: 7.3-10 years; immune system becomes vulnerable & experience symptoms like weight gain, night sweats, fever, symptoms related to pneumonia, cancer, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connection between stressors & cancer (Williams & Schneiderman); stressors: perceived lack of control, inadequate coping behavior, overwhelming stressful life events, denial, poor adherence to medicine |
|
|
Term
| Cancer Treatment Strategies |
|
Definition
| Address stress/stressors - may influence development/process of cancer through modifying immune system functioning; outcomes: stress seems to impact social adjustment, coping & quality of life of patients w/ cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart, blood vessels & complex control mechanisms for controlling their functioning; stroke (cerebral vascular accident CVA): Raynaud's Disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood flow to fingertips diminished to point of pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood pressure increases w/ peripheral construction - genetic, neurological & psychological contributions (hostility & how it's expressed to others, time urgency/impatience) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "The silent killer" - more Blacks develop (2x more than Whites) |
|
|
Term
| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
|
Definition
| Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the myocardium (heart muscles); Angina pectoris (chest pain), Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
| Coronary Heart Disease Stressors (Friedman; Winters & Schneiderman) |
|
Definition
| Stress, anxiety, anger, poor coping skills, low social support |
|
|
Term
| M. Friedman & R. Rosenman |
|
Definition
| Type A Personality: anger, competitiveness, anxiety, time urgency/impatience; Type B Personality: relaxed, submissive, patient; negative emotions have effect on CHD |
|
|
Term
| Marmot Social Inequalities in Health Study (1997) |
|
Definition
| Inverse relationship between measures (self-perceived health, depression, psychological well-being & smoking) and SES - as SES & years of education increased, outcome measure decreased; indirect selection not a good explanation of gradient, health related to social position in society, not SES; mediators between social position & health: individual behaviors, psychosocial characteristics of work & social circumstances outside of work |
|
|
