Term
|
Definition
| A group of officials or would-be officials who are linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization; a chief object of this organization is to ensure that its officials attain power or are maintained in power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The systematic stimulation of concerted effort by large, as in elections or demonstrations. This term is used especially in reference to such stimulation conducted on its own behalf by the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personal identification with a political party; not just agreement with its policies or candidates of the moment but an enduring identification with the party itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The set of all parties in a state. Political scientists distinguish among such systems primarily by the number and relative size of the parties: for example, two-party systems, multiparty systems, dominant party systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political system in which only a single political party is allowed to be active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political party system in which various parties are allowed to function openly and with reasonable effectiveness but in which a single party nonetheless holds power all the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A democratic system in which two parties regularly receive 90% or more of votes cast but in which it is rare for either of them to receive more than 55% or 60% of the votes. These two parties will replace each other in office fairly frequently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A democratic system in which there are more than two major parties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organized group of citizens that has as one of its goals the ensuring of the state abiding by certain policies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benefits that an organization offers its members in addition to the central political purposes of the organization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group representing a section of the economy. Examples are trade unions, professional associations, corporations, and trade associations |
|
|
Term
| Institutional Interest Group |
|
Definition
| A group that is primarily set up for some purpose other than political activity but becomes politically active to defend its interests in the policy decisions of the state |
|
|
Term
| Promotional Interest Group |
|
Definition
| The "typical" interest group -- an organized group of citizens, one of whose primary purposes is to affect the policies of the state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of government and interest groups in which all interests organize and compete freely, with no one group dominating, and in which the government is open to pressure from the groups so that policy is largely the outcome of groups' competing pressures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of government and interest groups in which all interests are organized -- but instead of responding to groups' pressures -- the government actively involves the groups themselves in the job of governing. The active governmental role distinguishes neocorporatism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The set of people who are not involved directly in the making of major political decisions but who construct and implement the policies that carry out those decisions such as police officers, public health nurses, IRS agents, and public university presidents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A way of organizing the public administration that emphasizes professionalism, recruitment, and promotion on the basis of merit, standardization of procedures, and the smooth flow of commands. |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchical Command Structure |
|
Definition
| An organization in which there is a single, branching path of power via a chain of command, but no commands move up the structure, and no commands can move laterally across tiers -- bureaucracies are hierarchical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A government official whose primary duty is to seek out citizens' complaints of abuse by public administrators and to negotiate changes in the offending practices. |
|
|
Term
| Representative Bureaucracy |
|
Definition
| The idea that members of the public administration should be similar to the groups they serve in such characteristics as class, race, and gender so that public officials will be able to serve the public better. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized and executive members of the public administration corresponding to professionals and managers in the private sector. |
|
|
