Term
| did chimps/gorillas evolve in the same environment as humans |
|
Definition
| no, chimps/gorillas evolved in the rainforest, humans evolved in the savanna |
|
|
Term
| classic hypothesis about bipedalism |
|
Definition
| the classic hypothesis about bipedalism is that bipedalism is a result of hominids moving from the rainforest to the savannah |
|
|
Term
| what major feature about Lucy can we deduce from her body? |
|
Definition
| lucy had a wide pelvis, evidence of bipedalism |
|
|
Term
| what fossil indicated an early bipedal hominid, how did it indicate this? |
|
Definition
| lucy had a wide pelvis, an indicator of bipedalism |
|
|
Term
| example of paedomorphism across species |
|
Definition
| an example of paedomorphism across species is humans look like juvenile chimps |
|
|
Term
| what is the term for retaining juvenile characteristics |
|
Definition
| the term for retaining juvenile characteristics is paedomorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in the timing of development of sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| hetereochrony in humans is comparative to what? |
|
Definition
| heterochrony in humans is comparative to chimps, our heads continue growing after birth whereas chimp's do not |
|
|
Term
| 3 peices of evidence of neoteny in humans |
|
Definition
evidence for neoteny in humans
1. flat face
2. late arrival teeth
3. continued learning through life |
|
|
Term
| what fossil is the major "transitional fossil" and what about it is transitional? |
|
Definition
| "ardy," or ardipithicus, is the major transitional fossil with semi-opposable toes and intermediate between human and chimp teeth |
|
|
Term
| 2 things about homo habilis |
|
Definition
two qualities of homo habilis
1. more plant-eating teeth
2. tool use |
|
|
Term
| 5 things about homo erectus |
|
Definition
1. larger brain
2. flaked tools like spears
3. first group to use fire for cooking
4. dramatic increase in brain size over it's evolution
5. first homonid to move out of africa |
|
|
Term
| two groups that came after homo erectus |
|
Definition
| homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens |
|
|
Term
| when did most of the increase in brain size over hominid evolution occur? |
|
Definition
| most of the increase in brain size of hominids occurred during homo erectus' evolution |
|
|
Term
| which occurred first, bipedalism or increase in brain size? |
|
Definition
| bipedalism evolved far before increase in brain size |
|
|
Term
| if you look at genomic data, on what continent did the vast majority of changes in hominids occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synapomorphy between fungi and animals: (2 qualities) |
|
Definition
1. both have chitin
2. both use glycogen as an energy storing molecule |
|
|
Term
| what makes up fungal cell walls? |
|
Definition
| chitin makes up fungal cell walls |
|
|
Term
| how do fungi reproduce (2 ways) |
|
Definition
| all fungi reproduce with spores, some asexually and some sexually |
|
|
Term
| synapomorphy between fungi: |
|
Definition
| feed by absorptive heterotrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. unicellular
2. filamentous-have hyphae
3. mycelum-aggregate of hyphae
4. sclerotium- hardened mass of mycelium for surviving starvation |
|
|
Term
| how does absorptive heterotrophy work? |
|
Definition
| fungi excrete enzymes, then reabsorb broken down material |
|
|
Term
| 3 qualities of all hyphae (includes shape, one major component, and how they grow) |
|
Definition
1. tublar
2. hard wall of chitin
3. grow at tips towards food source |
|
|
Term
| two kinds of hyphae, what are the differences? |
|
Definition
| septate hyphae have crosswalls that break the tubes into compartments. Coenocytic hyphae have no crosswalls and have long un-broken multinucleate tubes |
|
|
Term
| what is the name for multinucleate hyphae? |
|
Definition
| the name for multinucleate hyphae is coenocytic |
|
|
Term
| what is the anme for hyphae with crosswalls? |
|
Definition
| hyphae with crosswalls are called septate hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbiotic fungi that have relationship with plant's roots, most are symbiotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage in development that is paused due to adverse conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diapause stage in fungi is spores |
|
|
Term
| how do fungi reproduce (general) |
|
Definition
| all fungi reproduce by spores |
|
|
Term
| can spores be made asexually? |
|
Definition
| yes, molds and yeast make spores aseuxally |
|
|
Term
| by what process do molds/yeasts make spores? |
|
Definition
| molds/yeast make spores via mitosis |
|
|
Term
| how do small fungi spread their spores (2 ways) |
|
Definition
| small fungi either shoot their spores or use animals, water, or wind for dispersal |
|
|
Term
| what is the only fungal group with flagellated spores aka zoospores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 qualities of chytrids (where they live, what they eat, another thing) |
|
Definition
1. freshwater/terristial
2. saprobic/parasitic
3. only fungal group with flagellated spores aka zoospores |
|
|
Term
| zgomycota includes these three types of fungi |
|
Definition
| zygomycota includes fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbiotes |
|
|
Term
| what trick to zygomycota use to reproduce? |
|
Definition
| zygomycota "aim" their sporangia (spore-containing vessel) at good food conditions |
|
|
Term
| what type of fungi is most resistant to freezing and burning? |
|
Definition
| zygomycota are very resistant to freezing and burning |
|
|
Term
| ascomycota or sac fungi live in these three habitats |
|
Definition
| ascomycota live in terresital, freshwater, and marine environments |
|
|
Term
| main form of reproduction for ascomycetes: |
|
Definition
| ascomyetes reproduce mainly by asexual spores |
|
|
Term
| basidomycota includes these four types of fungi |
|
Definition
1.mushrooms
2. shelf fungi
3. some mycorrhizae
4. molds |
|
|
Term
| two qualities of basidiomycota |
|
Definition
1. have a basidium
2. have a transient diploid stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dikaryon is an n+n cell, has two sets of haploid genome, from this stage haploids combine to get diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unicellular spore-forming parasites of animals. All animals have microsporidians |
|
|
Term
| 2 ecologial roles of fungi |
|
Definition
1. decomposer
2. disease agents |
|
|
Term
| what type of organism was the source of the first anitbiotic? |
|
Definition
| a fungus was the source of the first antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| two types of mycorrhizae associations |
|
Definition
endo: hyphae go into plant cells
ecto: hyphae go around plant cells |
|
|
Term
| thorugh what structure do mycorrhizae interact with plants? |
|
Definition
| mycorrhizae interact with plants via thier hyphae |
|
|
Term
| lichen consists of what two things |
|
Definition
| lichen is a combination of algae and fungus. Fungus is heterotroph, algae is autotroph |
|
|
Term
| beneficial human-fungus interaction |
|
Definition
| we use them to make drugs, food, alcohol, and use them for studies |
|
|
Term
| harmful effects of fungus for humans |
|
Definition
| fungus cause disease, destroy crops, and produce toxins in food |
|
|
Term
| two ways to maintain homeostasis, which requires less energy? |
|
Definition
1. conformation to environment, uses less energy
2. regulation of distinct internal conditions |
|
|
Term
| what two equilibrium processes are dependent on internal temperature |
|
Definition
| reaction rates and binding affinity are dependent on internal temperature, these two process make up metabolic function overall |
|
|
Term
| two stages of regulation of homeostasis |
|
Definition
| 1. detection: receptor notices something is wrong 2. counteraction: an efector counteracts changes |
|
|
Term
what general process across many organisms goes through these stages:
receptor ----> integrator ----> effector |
|
Definition
| receptor to integrator to effector is the pathway to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| most feedback loops in homeostasis are _____ feedback loops |
|
Definition
| most feedback loops in homeostasis are negative feedback loops, trying to counteract changes away from the right conditions |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is in charge of regulation of temperature? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus is in charge of maintaining the correct body temperature |
|
|
Term
| what are the two responses the hypothalamus can turn on? |
|
Definition
1. when you are hot, hypothalamus tells your body to sweat and vasodilate
2. when you are cold, hypothalamus tells your body to shiver and vasoconstrict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiological response based on anticipated change |
|
|
Term
| when the body enacts a change becauase it anticipates something will happen, what is this called? |
|
Definition
| when the body enacts physiological responses to something that will happen, this is a feedforward mechanism |
|
|
Term
| example of feed forward mechanism |
|
Definition
| an example of a feedforward mechanism is heart rate going up because of anticipation of physical exertion |
|
|
Term
| 4 examples of positive feedback loops in physiology |
|
Definition
1. contractions during childbirth (oxytocin)
2. lactation
3. blood clotting
4. urination |
|
|
Term
| quorom sensing in bacteria is an example of what kind of feedback loop |
|
Definition
| quorom sensing in bacteria is an example of positive feedback loop |
|
|
Term
| what role do autoinducers play in quorom sensing? |
|
Definition
| autoinducers tell other bacteria to turn on genes to make more autoinducers |
|
|
Term
| what happens once enough autoinducers are made in quorom sensing? |
|
Definition
| when enough autoinducers are made, the process starts to grow exponentially and bioluminescence is observed |
|
|
Term
| #1 influence on homeostasis |
|
Definition
| temperature is #1 influence on hemeostasis |
|
|
Term
| thermal optima in context of hemostasis |
|
Definition
| thermal optima is the temperature range where the most physiological processes are working the best |
|
|
Term
| sketch graph of thermal preference vs thermal tolerance and explain what is occurring in each section |
|
Definition
| graph/explanation is in notes on march 26th |
|
|
Term
| thermoregulation is intended to protect the organism from what? |
|
Definition
| thermoregulation protects an organism from extreme temperatures |
|
|
Term
| 6 examples of thermoregulation |
|
Definition
1. hiberanation
2. migration
3. becoming a spore
4. basking in the sun
5. adjusting body position to change surface area being heated by sun
6. countercurrent exchange- done in mammals and fish, warm blood from artieries warms outer body |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary advantage of hibernation? |
|
Definition
| hibernation saves a massive amount of energy |
|
|
Term
| advantage of warm muscles |
|
Definition
| the advantage of warm muscles is they provide more explosiveness, which is important for catching prey/avoiding predators |
|
|
Term
| what problem involving heat do insects in colder climates have? |
|
Definition
| insects in colder climates need to be warm enough to start flying, once they are in the air the process of flying is enough to keep them warm |
|
|
Term
| how to moths get warm enough to fly when it is cold out? |
|
Definition
| moths cut off blood to everywhere but thorax and then shiver to warm themselves up enough to fly |
|
|
Term
| two general ways cold-weather insects stay/get warm enough to fly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to generate heat within one's body |
|
|
Term
| two ways that organisms cool themselves |
|
Definition
1. evaporative cooling like sweating or panting
2. transpiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms whose body temperature fluctuates with the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not generate heat internally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain a high body temperature by internal heat production |
|
|
Term
| what is more efficient, being a small hemeotherm or a large one |
|
Definition
| being a small homeotherm is less efficient, energy cost per gram goes down as you get larger |
|
|
Term
| do any homeotherms have fluctuating body temperatures? |
|
Definition
| yes, camels have fluctuating body temperatures. they cool down to 34 C at night and warm up to 41 C during the day |
|
|
Term
| 2 camel characteristics that protect them from high heat of environment |
|
Definition
1.thick fur coat decreases rate of heat gain from conduction
2. long legs keep them away from the hot ground |
|
|
Term
| as an organism's internal temperature gets closer to ambient temperature, what happens to heat transfer? |
|
Definition
| as difference between organism's internat temp and the ambient temperature goes down, heat transfer decreases |
|
|
Term
| what adjustment of energy output to hummingbirds make at night, and why do they do this? |
|
Definition
| hummingbirds reduce their heartrate at night, they do this because they wouldn't have enough energy to keep themselves warm over night if their heartrate stayed up. This is because they use 90% of their metabolic energy to keep themselves warm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can survive/function over a wide range of temps |
|
|
Term
| what is the word for an organism that can function/survive over a wide range of temps? |
|
Definition
| organisms that can function/survive over a wide range of temps are eurythermal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that can only survive a short range of temperatures |
|
|
Term
| organisms that can only survive a short rang eof temps |
|
Definition
| stenothermal organisms can only survive a short range of temps |
|
|
Term
| example of chronic acclimation |
|
Definition
| lizards over different climate areas have different basal metabolic rates (rates of energy generation). Lizards in colder temps have higher basal metabolic rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism whose internal temperature varies a lot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a homeotherm is an organism who maintians thermal homeostasis, which means it's body temperature doesn't vary much |
|
|
Term
| how does freezing affect organisms on a cellular level? |
|
Definition
| ice punctures cells, destroying them |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways organisms survive sub-freezing temps |
|
Definition
1. antifreeze proteins
2. limit freezing to extracellular |
|
|
Term
| what is the term for organisms that do not generate heat internally |
|
Definition
| ectotherms do not generate heat internally |
|
|
Term
| can organisms be ectothermic and still do thermal regulation? |
|
Definition
| yes, behavioral thermal regulation allows organisms to control their body temp without generating the heat internally |
|
|
Term
| 3 reasons to be freeze tolerant |
|
Definition
1. early spring emergence, which helps you get to breeding sites and gives you a longer growing season
2. predator avoidance
3. range extension, can live farther north (or south in southern hemisphere) |
|
|
Term
| example of freeze resistance in reptiles |
|
Definition
| there is a frog that loses it's heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and all other vital functions when frozen but regains them all 1-2 hours after being unfrozen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that evolve in colder climates have shorter appendages and a stouter body |
|
|
Term
| white people being bad at dunking is a product of what? |
|
Definition
| bergman's rule, white people evolved in colder climates and have shorter legs |
|
|
Term
| in total, there are a greater number of parasites than non-parasites. why is this? (general answer) |
|
Definition
| all parasites have parasites |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest gene family in humans? |
|
Definition
| the largest gene family in humans is the gene family for the immune system |
|
|
Term
| three types of bacterial nucleases. Just list, don't explain |
|
Definition
1. periplasmic nucleases
2. nuclease-type toxins
3. restriction enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first line of defense against pathogens in bacteria, these are non-specific nucleases on bacteria's "skin" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are toxins that bacteria emit that degrade nucleic acids in surrounding systems to destroy competitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site-specific nuclease that cleaves foreign unmethylated DNA in cytoplasm of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what is the name for a virus that attacks bacteria? |
|
Definition
| phages are viruses that attack bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what is the method of infection that phages use that we learned about |
|
Definition
| phages insert a tube through the bacterial membrane, hijack bacterial genes/machinery to make new viruses, then dissolve the bacterial cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what to 3 groups do plants need to protect themselves against? |
|
Definition
| plants need to protect themselves from animals, fungi, and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| resin is an example of what kind of defense? |
|
Definition
| resin is a generalized defense in plants |
|
|
Term
| what two substances do plants produce that reduce their digestability |
|
Definition
| plants produce tannins, which make plant proteins less available to herbivores. they also make toxins like caffiene, nicotine, and cyanide |
|
|
Term
| plants have specialized, gene for gene interactions with this type of pathogen |
|
Definition
| plants have specailzed, gene for gene interaction with pathonogenic fungi |
|
|
Term
| pathogenic fungi are avirulent to a specific plant if that plant has what |
|
Definition
| if the plant has the matching R allele to the pathogenic fungi, the fungi is avirulent |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway for induced defense in plants |
|
Definition
| plants have specialized R alleles called resistance factors. when a plant is attacked, it sets off a cascade of gene expression that have various defense capabilites |
|
|
Term
| are induced defenses in plants always active? |
|
Definition
| no, induced defenses are only active when plant is attacked |
|
|
Term
| hypersensitive response does this to prevent pathogen from spreading |
|
Definition
| hypersensitive response kills of infected cells along with pathogen to make sure pathogen doesn't spread to healthy cells |
|
|
Term
| what step of the hypersensitive response constitutes a systemic acquired resistance? |
|
Definition
| when the plant makes anti-pathogen compounds in anticipation of being attacked again for several days |
|
|
Term
| behavioral/ecological immunity |
|
Definition
| when plants "recruit" other organisms to get rid of herbivores |
|
|
Term
| example of behavioral/ecological immunity in plants |
|
Definition
| when plants call over a wasp to kill the caterpillars eating the plant, this is behavorial/ecological immunity |
|
|
Term
| what animals have innate/constitutive immunity |
|
Definition
| metazoans have innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| what animals have acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
| verabrates have acquired immunity |
|
|
Term
| which is more specific, innate or acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
| acquired immunity is far more specific than innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| which is more diverse, innate or acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
| acquired immunity is far more diverse across different species and within organisms of one species compared to innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest reason acquired immunity slower than innate immunity |
|
Definition
| with acquired immunity, you must wait for correct lymphocytes to be cloned. Innate immunity you don't have to wait |
|
|
Term
| 2 mechanisms of innate immunity |
|
Definition
1. phagocytosis
2. synthesis of anti-microbial proteins |
|
|
Term
| 2 mechanisms of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
1. antibodies produced by B lymphocytes bind to pathogens
2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy infected cells |
|
|
Term
| does innate immunity involve memory of past infection |
|
Definition
| no, innate immunity doesn't involve memory of past infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hemolymph is the center of the immune system in insects |
|
|
Term
| center of immune system in insects |
|
Definition
| the hemolymph is the center of the immune system in insects is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytes of invertabrates |
|
|
Term
| hemocytes in insects work by these two ways |
|
Definition
1. eating other cells
2. encapsulation, surrounding other cells |
|
|
Term
| general mechanism of humoral response |
|
Definition
| chemicals are secreted in response to an attack |
|
|
Term
| pathway of humoral response in insects |
|
Definition
1. hemolymph detects invaders in the blood
2. cytoplasm transducts signal to nucleus
3. nucleus activates genes for antimicrobial proteins |
|
|
Term
| example of behavioral immunity |
|
Definition
| drosphilia and laying their eggs in alcohol when wasps are around |
|
|
Term
| 3 lines of defense for human lymphatic system |
|
Definition
1.external
2. innate immunity
3. acquired immunity |
|
|
Term
| generalized defenses in human lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| external defense like skin, mucus, symbiotic bacteria and others |
|
|
Term
| 6 parts of external, generalized defense in humans |
|
Definition
1. skins
2. mucus
3. symbiotic bacteria
4. high pH in stomach
5. tears
6. enzymes |
|
|
Term
| specificity in acquired immunity means each ____ and ____ is a specific match |
|
Definition
| specificity means each antibody and each T cell is matched up with a specific antigenic determinant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that can turn into B cells to T cells |
|
|
Term
| where do lymphocytes go to turn into T cells? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes go to the thalamus to become T cells |
|
|
Term
| what two different kinds of T cells can lymphocytes become? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes can become cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells |
|
|
Term
| which kind of cell directs humoral response? |
|
Definition
| B cells direct humoral response |
|
|
Term
| what kind of cell directs cell-mediated response? |
|
Definition
| T cells direct cell-mediated response |
|
|
Term
| what part of the antigen does the immune system recognize? |
|
Definition
| the immune system recognizes the determinant section of the antibody called the epitope |
|
|
Term
| true to false: every antigen has exactly one epitope |
|
Definition
| one antibody often has multiple epitopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreign protein on the pathogen that elicits an immune response |
|
|
Term
| what is the variable region of an antibody? |
|
Definition
| the variable region of an antibody is the tip, the upper part, that changes based on what antigen it is matched with |
|
|
Term
| what region on a antibody elicits a response from the complement system that destroys the pathogen? |
|
Definition
| the base region is constant among all antibodies, this is the part that activates the complement system that destroys the pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dendritic cells, or macrophages, eat any cell they don't recognize |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 steps in cell-mediated response |
|
Definition
1. dendritic cell eats pathogen and brings antigen to helper T cell
2. helper T cell recognizes the antigen, which means the helper T cell is now activated
3. cytotoxic T cells learn from the helper T cells that they need to kill infected cells and kill pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that lyses cells |
|
|
Term
| name the two ways cytotoxic T cells can be activated |
|
Definition
1. cytotoxic T cells can be activated by helper T cells that have been activated to destroy a specific pathogen
2. cytotoxic T cell can also be activated simply by binding directly to infected cells that are displaying antigens |
|
|
Term
| once a helper T cell becomes activated, it does these 4 things. |
|
Definition
1. multiplication
2. directs cytotoxic T cells to destroy infection cells and pathogen
3. stimulates production of B cells
4. produced T memory cells |
|
|
Term
| when antibodies are produced by B cells this is ______ immunity |
|
Definition
| antibodies being produced by B cells is humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| what specific two types of cells allow secondary response to be so fast? |
|
Definition
| memory T and memory B cells are what allow secondary response to be so fast, they have the antibodies ready |
|
|
Term
| sketch antibody, concentrate on heavy vs light regions and where the variable regions are |
|
Definition
| http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/ANTIBODY.gif |
|
|
Term
| on an undifferentiated B cell, there are many _____ |
|
Definition
| on an undifferentiated B cell, there are many V and J regions of DNA on antibodies |
|
|
Term
| the important change that occurs during differentiation in B cells |
|
Definition
differentiation in B cells means that the
V and J sections recombine to form a specialized antibody that will bind to it's specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| what two things do antibodies do when they bind to an antigen on a pathogen? |
|
Definition
when antibodies bind to an antigen, they:
1. block the virus from binding to host cells
2. mark the pathogen for death by eating by macrophage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where when developing T-Cells bind to token "self proteins", which are host proteins, they are destroyed so they don't attack host cells |
|
|
Term
| families of antibodies are determined by what? |
|
Definition
| families of antibodies are determined by what the antibodies bind to/destroy |
|
|
Term
| what family of antibodies leads to an allergic reaction? |
|
Definition
| the Ige family of antibodies is related to allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| what molecule is that is released to respond to infection is associated with allergies? |
|
Definition
| during allergic reactions, the body produces histamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an allergic response is when the body responds to a non-pathogen as if it was a pathogen |
|
|
Term
| by what mechanism does an HIV-infected immune system lose helper T cells |
|
Definition
| in an HIV-positive individual, the immune system thinks helper T cells are antigens and destroys them |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of when giving an immune system something to do is helpful? |
|
Definition
| when they infected mice with nematodes and the mice were less likly to develop diabetes afterwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. whole agent, which is a disabled pathogen
2. subunit, which is a piece of the pathogen like a protein, polysaccaride, r toxiod |
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Term
| what causes the blind spot in the eye? |
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Definition
| the optic nerve causes the blind spot in the eye |
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Term
| lens in the eye does what? |
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Definition
| the lens in the eye directs light to the retina |
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Term
| where are the light sensitive cells in the eye? |
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Definition
| the light sensitive cells in the eye are in the retina |
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Term
| what part of the eye controls how much light gets in? |
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Definition
| the pupil is responsible for controlling how much light gets in to the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| center of vision of the eye |
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Term
| what are the two types of receptor cells in the retina? |
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Definition
| cones and rods are the two types of color receptor cells in the retina |
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Term
| there are three types of cones, each corresponding to a certain _____ |
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Definition
| each type of cone corresponds to a certain color |
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Term
| what is the pathway for sight from light hitting the retina to messages to going to the brain? |
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Definition
1. light hits receptor cells (rods and cones)
2. bipolor cells get input from receptors
3. amacrine/horizontal cells filter the input to the gangleion cells
4. gangleion cells get filtered inputs from bipolar cells and go to the brain |
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Term
| opponent process theory says what |
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Definition
| opponent process theory says that there are three pairs of color receptor that work in opposition: green-red, yellow-blue, and black-white. This is why people get green-red colorblind, its because one opponent pair isn't working properly |
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Term
| insect vision and vertebrate vision are _______ features |
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Definition
| insect vision and vertebrate vision are analogous features |
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Term
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Definition
| simple eyes in insects that don't form an image, they are all about horizon detection |
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Term
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Definition
| little section of the compound eye |
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Term
| two halves of insect vision |
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Definition
| the two halves of insect vision are ocelli and ommatidia |
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Term
| do humans or insects see a wider range of wavelengths? |
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Definition
| insect and humans vision has a similar length of the span of wavelengths, but insects vision is shifted more to UV side |
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Term
| insect vision is good at what? |
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Definition
| insect vision is good at depth perception, and determining speed/position |
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Term
| insect vision is bad at what? |
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Definition
| insect vision is bad at seeing contrast and telling apart objects |
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Term
| how can cockroaches get away from being crushed so quickly? |
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Definition
| cockroaches have nerves directly from mechanoreceptors to legs, the nerve impulse to run is observed by legs before it gets to brain |
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Term
| where do insects have chemoreceptors? what are the chemoreceptors for? |
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Definition
| insects have chemoreceptors all over their bodies expect for their heads, the chemocreceptors are for tastings |
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Term
| in a nutshell, insects are _____receptors |
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Definition
| insects are essentially chemoreceptors, they rely on taste for many thing |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signal between organisms of the same species |
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Term
| what part of the ear actually hears? |
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Definition
| the receptors that turn sound into nerve impulses that end up in the brain are in the cochlea |
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Term
| tympanic membrane is also known as the ____ |
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Definition
| the tympanic membrane is the eardrum |
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Term
| what is found in the middle ear,and what do they do? |
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Definition
| the hammer, anvil, and stirrup are in the middle ear and their role is to amplify the sound going to the cochlea |
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Term
| where do insects have hearing organs? |
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Definition
| insects have hearing organs all over their bodies |
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Term
| what is the name of the sense that directs balance and body position? |
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Definition
| the vestibular system senses balance and body position |
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Term
| vestibular system is uses this part of the body for information |
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Definition
| the vestibular system gets info on balance/body position from fluid filled sacs |
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Term
| who is better at hearing, insects or vertabrates? |
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Definition
| vertabrates have better hearing than insects |
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Term
compare these four sensory systems in insects and people
1. gustatory
2. olifaction
3. hearing
4. vision |
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Definition
1 and 2. both gustatory and olifaction are more highly specialized in insects than humans
3. hearing is better in humans
4. vision is better in humans, insects are only really good at spacial stuff like seeing movement and judging speed
3. hearing |
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Term
| two groups with open circulatory systems |
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Definition
| mollusca and anthropoda have open circulatory systems |
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Term
| what purpose other than immune response does the hemolymph have in insects? |
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Definition
| the hemolymph is the circulatory fluid of insects as well as the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| insects have holes all over their body that connect to the trachea |
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Term
| difference in distribution of circulatory fluid in open and closed circulatory systems |
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Definition
| in open system, the circulatory fluid comes in direct contact with cells. in closed systems, the movement of molecules between cells and circulatory fluid has to be by diffusion b/c they never come in direct contact |
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Term
| advantages of closed circ system |
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Definition
| a closed circ system in more efficient and faster |
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Term
| RuBisCO is what type and molecule and is involved in what? |
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Definition
| RuBisCO is an enzyme used in the first step of carbon fixation |
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Term
| RuBisCO reacts with what in C3 plants? |
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Definition
| RuBisCO binds to CO2 in what may be the most important chemical reaction on earth |
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Term
| what is one problem with CAM photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| CAM photosynthesis isn't very efficient |
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Term
| how to flowers avoid breeding with themselves? |
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Definition
| the male and female parts mate and different times |
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