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| the phonic shape of the word |
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| the conceptual image evoked by the signifier |
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| words are arbitrarily constructed, meaning that they are constructed by society. As a result, words cannot be fully appreciated outside of the contest within which they appear |
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| convey little meaning, you need a subject and a predicate in order to analyze the viability of the argument |
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| the dictionary definition of a word |
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| the emotional resonance of the word, derived from past associations with the word |
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| Why is it important to understand both the denotation and the connotation of a word? |
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| So that we may be able to communicate effectively; we won't offend anyone, able to persaude |
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| occurs when a word is meant to setup border of inclusion and exclusion but there are borderline cases, a grey area that the definition fails to make clear |
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| when a word or phrase has multiple meaning and the intended meaning is unclear |
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when a particular word has multiple meanings and the meaning is not clear
i.e. rights, may |
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when the grammatical structure of a phrase makes it ambiguous
i.e. Let's eat grandma! |
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| How does advertising use syntactic ambiguity for purposes of persausion? |
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Definition
i.e. Eat Fresh!
cannot say something that will neccessarily guarantee freshness, but it makes you think that the food is fresh without Subway getting in any sort of legal trouble |
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when a claim lacks detail
i.e. "What did you do over the weekend?"
"Stuff" |
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the dictionary definition of a word
i.e. cruel and unusual punishment |
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a definition which keeps the meaning of the lexical defintion but makes it more specific
i.e. define what is cruel and what unusual |
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a definition that changes the lexical meaning of a definition
i.e. sick means cool, not an illness |
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a stipulative definition that uses emotion to be persuasive
i.e. feminism means a group of radical women burning bras |
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| belief, justification (evidence), and no reason to question justification |
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| Why might we question our evidence? |
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Definition
| Because of cognitive biases and informal fallacies |
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| the independent of opinion |
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| directs or influences our actions |
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| communicates feelings and attitudes |
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| recalling events that never occured |
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radically different interpretation among witnesses of an event that did occur
i.e. this is why witnesses are not good evidence in court |
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the tendency to judge the reasons for an argument based upon how initially plausible the conclusion seems
i.e. heliocentric theory |
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| an unconscious structure in our mind which calculates probabilty, wildly inaccurate |
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| the unwarranted assumption that an event is more likely to occur becuase one thinking about it more frequently |
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| the tendency to weigh the conclusions of "your" group more heavily than another group |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| the tendency to create double standards between "your" group and "another" group |
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| the tendency to search for information that confirms out assumptions |
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Definition
1. a statistical misunderstanding marked by people who try to link 2 random, unrelated events
2. unrealistic optimism is the mistake belief that "the odds do not apply to me" |
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| occurs when an argument has no logical force, just psychologically persausive |
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| technique that is persuasive, but not revelant |
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| arguments that have ambiguous phrases or sloppy gramatical structure |
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| fallacy involving unwarranted assumptions |
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| a fallacious argument that contains an assumption that is not supported by evidence |
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| an attempt to refute an argument by attacking the character or circumstances of the person making the argument |
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| a threat to use force (physical, psychological, or legal) in an attempt to get another person to back down his/her position and to accept the conclusion as correct |
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| an attempt to gain support for a conclusion by evoking a feeling of pity, when pity is irrelevant to the conclusion |
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| an appeal made to the opinion of the majority to gain support for the conclusion |
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| an argument that something is true simply because no one has proved it false, or that something is flase just because no one has proved it true |
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| a conclusion based on atypical cases |
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| the distortion or misrepresentation of an opponents's argument to make it easier to knock down or refute |
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| an argument directed toward a conclusion that is different from that posd by the original argument |
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| an ambiguious word or phrase changes meaning during the course of the argument |
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| a grammatical error in the premises allows more than one conclusion to be drawn |
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| the meaning of an argument changes depending on which word or phrase is emphasized, or when passages are used out of context |
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| a characteristic of an entire group is erroneously vassumed to be a characteristic of each member of that group |
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| a characteristic of a member of a group is erroneously assumed to be characteristic of the whole group |
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| a conclusion is simply a rewording of a premise |
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| inappropriate appeal to authority |
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| an appeal based on the testimony of an authority in a filed other than that under investigation |
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| a question that assumes a particular another to another unasked question |
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| an argument unwarrantedly reduces the number of alternatives to two |
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| an argument that assumes without sufficient evidence that one thing is the cause of another |
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| an assumption that if some actions are permitted, then all actions of that type will soon be permissible |
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| the assumption that because something is natural, it is good or acceptable |
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