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Definition
| Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that's due to experience. |
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| Involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment. |
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| When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated |
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| A small enclosure in which an animal can make specific response that's systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. |
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| The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. |
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| An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring. |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. |
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| Doesn't originally produce the response of salivation. |
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| Irrational fears of specific objects or situations. |
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| A decrease in the production of antibodies. |
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| Occurring together in time and space. |
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| Basic Law of Generalization |
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Definition
| The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization. |
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Definition
| Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. |
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| When a response is strengthened because it's followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. |
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Definition
| Classical Conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli. |
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| Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning) |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. |
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| Unconditioned Association |
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Definition
| Doesn't have to be created through conditioning. |
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| Refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency |
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Definition
| An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation |
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| When an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response |
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Definition
| Involves species- specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others |
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Definition
| If a response is extinguished in a different environment that it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place |
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Definition
| The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. |
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Definition
| A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program |
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Definition
| A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning |
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Definition
| When an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. |
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| A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
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Definition
| When a response is strengthened because it's followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus |
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Term
| Variable-Ratio Schedule (VR) |
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Definition
| The reinforcer is given after a variable # of nonreinforced responses |
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Definition
| When an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response |
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Term
| Reinforcement Contingencies |
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Definition
| Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers |
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| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time |
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Definition
| Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time |
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Definition
| Learning that's not apparent from behavior when it first occurs |
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Definition
| Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement)of a response |
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Definition
| When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus doesn't respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus |
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| Higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
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| Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average |
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| Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed |
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| Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| The reinforcer is given after a fixed # of nonreinforced responses |
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| Intermittent Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. |
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Definition
| When every instance of a designated response is reinforced |
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| Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers |
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Definition
| Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
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Definition
| Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
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