Term
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Definition
| use of language to obtain what you need or desire |
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Definition
| use of language to control or regulate behaviors of others |
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Definition
| use of language to communicate info or report facts |
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Definition
| use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding |
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Definition
| use of language to establish and define social relationships in both interpersonal and group settings |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to express individuality and personality and is more common in private than in public settings |
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Term
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Definition
| use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning |
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Definition
| the rules that govern word order |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the dictionary definition, or literal meaning of a word |
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Definition
| the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word |
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Term
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Definition
| field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words |
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Term
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Definition
| describes what is said, or the act of "saying" something |
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Definition
| describes what one does with one's utterance; what the utterance accomplishes |
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Definition
| describes the effect an utterance has |
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Definition
| a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation |
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Definition
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Definition
| the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period |
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Term
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Definition
| an american english dialect that some african americans speak |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialized terms that develop in many professions |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of listening most people refer to as "hearing"; when listeners pick up the sound waves directed toward them |
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting the messages associated with sounds or what the sounds mean |
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Term
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Definition
| assessing your reaction to a message |
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Definition
| showing others how you regard their message |
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Term
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Definition
| those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker's perception of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but "is itself the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individual's mental activity" |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world (a relativists perspective) |
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Term
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Definition
| explores the role of power in daily interactions |
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Term
| disconfirming communication |
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Definition
| comments the reject or invalidate a positive self-image of our conversational partners |
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Term
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Definition
| comments that validate positive self-images of others |
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Term
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Definition
| all nonverbal actions people perform |
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Term
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Definition
| nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use |
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Term
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Definition
| a nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving, or holding up a hand to direct people's attention |
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Term
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Definition
| signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal messages |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures used to manage emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures used to control conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| how close or involved people appear to be with eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of tension displayed by ones body |
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Term
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Definition
| all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the "music" of the human voice |
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Definition
| uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the way people use time as a message |
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Definition
| the study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging in one task or behavior at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging in multiple activities simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| 0-18 inches, the space used when interacting with those with whom one is very close |
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Term
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Definition
| 18in.-4 feet, the space used when interacting with friends and acquaintances |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-12 ft. the distance most americans use when interacting with unfamiliar others |
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Term
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Definition
| 12-25 ft. the most appropriate distance for public ceremonies such as lectures and performances |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the communicative function of touch |
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Term
| functional touch/ professional touch |
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Definition
| the least intimate type of touch, used by certain workers as part of livelihood |
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Term
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Definition
| touch that is part of daily interaction in the United States, this is more intimate that professional touch but still impersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, caring |
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Term
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Definition
| the touch most often used with one's romantic partners and family |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of touch used to establish dominance and power |
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Term
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Definition
| clothing and other accessories |
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Term
| communicating information |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behaviors to help clarify verbal messages and reveal attitudes and moods |
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Term
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Definition
| using nonverbal behaviors to help manage turn-taking during conversation |
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Term
| expressing and managing intimacy |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behaviors to help convey attraction and closeness |
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Term
| establishing social control |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behavior to excercise influence over other people |
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Term
| signaling service-task functions |
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Definition
| using nonverbal behavior to signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships and contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal and nonverbal messages that send conflicting messages |
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Term
| 4 types of body communicators |
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Definition
| illustrators, emblems, adaptors, regulators |
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Term
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Definition
| how close one is to others |
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Term
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Definition
| the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities, and/or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background |
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Term
| uncertainty reduction theory |
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Definition
| a communication theory that argues much early interaction is dedicated to reducing uncertainty about others and determining if one wishes to interact with them again |
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Term
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Definition
| models of relationship development that view relationships as occurring in "stages" and that focus on what people do as relationships develop and decline |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic development in which both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to learn about each other |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational development in which both people portray themselves as a couple |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational development characterized by public commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end their relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage in the Rawlins model of friendship formation in which interaction is based solely on specific social roles |
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Term
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Definition
| stage at which potential friends assess each other to determine common interests and values |
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Term
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Definition
| moving beyond social roles and indicating a desire for a more personal relationship |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| friendship that lasts over time |
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Term
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Definition
| friendship in decline or even ending |
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Term
| relational trajectory models |
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Definition
| relationship development models that focus on the cognitive aspects of relationships and typically analyze how committed relational partners feel to one another |
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Term
| social penetration theory |
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Definition
| a theory that assumes that as people communicate, they become more familiar with each other and become close |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of relational development characterized by "love at first site" and a rapid progression toward commitment |
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Term
| friendship first trajectory |
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Definition
| pattern or relational development characterized by a gradual progression from friendship to romance |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a dialectical tension in a relationship that refers to one's need to connect with others and the simultaneous need to feel independent or autonomous |
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Term
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Definition
| a dialectical tension in a relationship that describes the need to be open and to self-disclose while also maintaining some sense of privacy |
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Term
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Definition
| a dialectical tension in relationships that describes the human desire for events that are new, spontaneous, and unplanned while simultaneously needing some aspects of life to be stable and predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which relationships decline over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a friendship termination strategy in which the friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, avoid places they are likely to see eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| concealment, distortion, or lying in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to not suspect one's intimates of deception |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| physical violence against a partner |
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Term
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Definition
| physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex |
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Term
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Definition
| a high degree of similarity |
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Term
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Definition
| the distaste and aversion that people feel toward working in groups |
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Term
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Definition
| groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection |
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Term
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Definition
| groups that meet principally to solve problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to work harder and do better when others are around |
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Term
| small group communication |
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Definition
| communication among a small number of people who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and coordinate their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the shared expectations group members have regarding each individual's communication behavior in the group |
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Term
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Definition
| roles that are directly related to the accomplishment of group goals |
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Term
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Definition
| roles that help establish a group's social atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| roles that focus more on individual's own interests and needs than on those of the group |
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Term
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Definition
| leadership theory that suggests that leaders are born |
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Term
| functional (situational) theory |
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Definition
| a theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that asserts that a leader's manner or style determines his or her success |
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Term
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Definition
| leader who takes charge, makes all the decisions, and dictates strategies and work tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| leader whose style is characterized by much input from group members |
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Term
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Definition
| a leadership style characterized by complete freedom for the group in making decisions |
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Term
| transformational leadership |
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Definition
| a leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion |
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Term
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Definition
| a leadership style in which extremely self-confident leaders inspire unusual dedication to themselves by relying upon their strong personalities and charm |
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Term
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Definition
| potential pitfall in small group interaction; occurs when excessive analysis prevents a group from moving toward a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| generating as many ideas a possible without critiquing them |
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Term
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Definition
| the four phase process used by a group to evaluate information and arrive at a decision or solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the uncertainty commonly felt in the beginning phase of decision-making |
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Term
| secondary (recurring) tension |
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Definition
| conflict or tension found in the second or conflict phase of the decision-making process |
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Term
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Definition
| the third phase of decision making process; occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| final phase of decision-making process when group members reach consensus, and members feel a sense of accomplishment |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative, and potentially disastrous group process characterized by "excessive concurrence thinking" |
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Term
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Definition
| the methods, including communication, by which a group accomplishes a task |
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Term
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Definition
| functional/professional, social/polite, friend, love/intimate, demand |
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Term
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Definition
| intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, public distance |
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Term
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Definition
| change/predictability, autonomy/connection, expressiveness/privacy |
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Term
| relationship dissolution types |
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Definition
| avoiding, circumscribing, differentiating, stagnating, termination |
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Term
| cycle of abuse (repeating) |
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Definition
| 1. tension 2. explosion 3. remorse 4. honeymoon |
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Term
| 8 characteristics of groups |
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Definition
1. members perceive themselves as a group
2. members join to satisfy a goal
3. members share a common goal
4. groups possess some form of structure
5. develop their own personality
6. members are interdependent
7. shaped through interaction
8. more than the sum of individual members |
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Term
| disadvantages of small group work |
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Definition
| groups can take longer to make decisions than individuals, conflict can arise hurting productivity, individuals can dominate conversations or withdraw causing unsatisfactory communication |
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Term
| stages of group development |
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Definition
| 1. forming 2. storming 3. norming 4. performing |
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Term
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Definition
| stage 1 of group development, group forms, people test climate and get to know people and task |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict arises with different personalities, power struggles, disputes, leadership emergence |
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Term
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Definition
| workout guidelines, group norms, roles |
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Term
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Definition
| work as a unit, reach decisions, task related, effective |
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Term
| keys to effective group communication |
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Definition
| equal participation, consensus decision making style, cooperative conflict style, respectful communication |
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Term
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Definition
| voice quality, vocalization, silent pauses |
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Term
| 7 types of poor listeners |
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Definition
1. attackers
2. completers
3. psuedo listeners
4. monopolistic listeners
5. defensive listeners
6. avoidance listeners
7. selective listeners |
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Term
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Definition
1. hearing
2. listening to understand
3. listening to retain content
4. listening to analyze and evaluate
5. listening to help others (active(empathetic) |
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Term
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Definition
| an active deliberate process through which we seek to understand and retain messages from others, requires conscious effort, learned, involves emotional content |
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Term
| interactional barriers to listening |
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Definition
| participants have different objectives for an interaction, which influences how they listen, what they retain, how they respond |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic learned responses to certain words or phrases, animal like, limits thouroughness of discussions |
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Term
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Definition
| male generics (spokesman, chairman etc.) female terms of endearment (cutie, baby, honey) |
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Term
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Definition
1. polarization
2. signal reaction
3. sexism
4. bypassing
5. fact-inference confusion
6. prejudiced language |
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Term
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Definition
| instrumental, personal, hueristic, informative, imaginative, regulatory |
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