Term
| The Holistic approach to health considers the whole person: |
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Definition
| Body, Mind, and Spirit, and the interaction of these elements combined with social influences. |
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Term
| Human health is considered to be an entity or system made up of five interrelated aspects. The five aspects are: |
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Definition
Emotional
Mental
Social
Spiritual
Physical |
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Term
| Changes in one aspect can lead to changes in other aspects (positive or negative |
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Definition
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Term
| Holistic health places an emphasis on: |
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Definition
| individual responsibility and active participation in achieving and maintaining good health. |
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Term
| How we handle the successes and failures in life effects our emotional health |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationships with others also effect our emotional health: |
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Definition
| First with family, and later with friends. |
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Term
| Defining and or measuring emotional health might include the following checklist: |
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Definition
Copes with stresses of daily living
Demonstrates flexibility in social situations
Worthwhile member of society
Feels reasonably content and happy
Has a sense of accomplishment
Confides in others (support groups, physical contact, communication)
Understands and expresses feelings |
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Term
| Threats to emotional health include: |
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Definition
| low self-esteem, anxiety, guilt, depression, and stress |
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Term
| Stress is particularly bad as it can influence all five aspects of health. There are several types of stress |
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Definition
mental: overload, fatigue, frustration
physical: illness, lack of sleep
social: ridicule, rejection
emotional: uncontrolled anger, lack of love
spiritual: guilt, morality conflicts |
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Term
| Difficulty in sharing feelings and confiding in others can also have a large impact on the emotional aspect of health |
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Definition
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Term
| Good communication tends to: |
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Definition
| promote good emotional health. Also promotes feelings of caring, honesty, and an inclination to listen and share. Communication also increases sensitivity and respect. |
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Term
| Stress management has also become a large part of holistic health: |
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Definition
| and impacts emotional health directly. |
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Term
| Other considerations for stress management: |
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Definition
Evaluate responsibilities and commitments and learn to say no.
Analyze situations and their importance. Is it worth dying for?
Accept things that can not be changed.
Adjust self talk: Think positive
Learn to relax
Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including appropriate exercise, rest, and nutrition |
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Term
| Because of its abstract nature, measuring a patient’s emotional health is somewhat tricky. |
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Definition
| There is no simple physiological measure that has been proven to directly reflect emotional health. |
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Term
| A complete and thorough evaluation of emotional health should be left up to mental health professionals who have years of education and clinical training |
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Definition
| However, basic information gathered during patient interviews may provide some insight into the patient’s emotional health status, especially behavioral responses to changes in health and patterns of living. |
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Term
| Indicators of emotional and mental health have been developed that can be administered in a clinical setting |
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Definition
| these typically consist of a "pencil and paper" survey type of test that is completed by the patient. Based on the score, the patient can be referred for further evaluation |
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Term
| Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: |
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Definition
| Here, self-esteem is defined as self-judgment of personal worth. This inventory measures attitudes towards the self, encompassing several domains: social, academic, family, and personal experiences |
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Term
| The Affect Balance Scale: |
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Definition
-developed by Norman Bradburn and consists of ten questions.
-It was designed to indicate the reactions of people in the general population to events in their daily lives.
-Two dimensions covered by the test indicate emotional well being: positive affect and negative affect. Overall well being is seen as the balance between these two forces. |
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Term
| The General Well-Being Schedule: |
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Definition
| This is a concise multi-dimensional indicator of subjective feelings of well-being and distress. The aim is to provide an index that could be used to measure self-reports of intrapersonal affective or emotional states reflecting a sense of subjective well-being or distress. The most common form uses 18 items, and includes both positive and negative questions. |
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Term
| It is easier to describe mental illness than mental health. |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, good mental health is considered to be present when: |
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Definition
| there is psychological stability, a positive self-image, an ability to relate well to others, and an ability to handle life’s problems and challenges |
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Term
| Some examples of defense mechanisms: |
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Definition
Repression: excluding or removing painful thoughts or memories from the conscience mind.
Denial: refusing to admit that a conflict exist, including health problems.
Rationalization: Devising self-satisfying reasons for doing what you know to be wrong.
Projection: Blaming someone else for your mistakes.
Displacement: redirecting your feelings from a person or object causing a conflict towards someone or something else. |
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Term
| There are other more positive ways to cope with stress, including: |
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Definition
Helping others, focusing on others and not your own problems
Laughter/humor can help express fear in a positive way.
Suppression, the exclusion of undesirable thoughts, concentrating on positive things.
Sublimation, redirecting negative drive towards a more socially acceptable outlet. |
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Term
| Mental illness can be defined as: |
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Definition
| behavioral or psychological patterns that result in social, familiar, or occupational dysfunction, or cause significant emotion pain. Mental health problems affect the whole person, i.e. all the aspects of holistic health |
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Term
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Definition
| usually a relatively mild form of mental illness.A symptom (or symptoms) which a person finds difficult to control often characterizes a neurosis. The person’s ability to function may be impaired, but behaviors generally remain within social norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| more severe form of mental illness. individual becomes mentally imbalanced, and the mental processes become uncontrollable. There are often serious emotional problems and bizarre self-destructive behaviors. |
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Term
| Most psychoses are considered to be very serious and may be diagnosed by the following symptoms: |
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Definition
hallucinations and delusions
complete withdrawal from reality
regression into self
total apathy
inappropriate emotional responses
severe depression |
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Term
| four general types of Psychoses: |
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Definition
Schizophrenia, characterized by deep self-regression and withdrawal from reality.
Paranoia, characterized by delusions of persecution.
Affective disorders characterized by dramatic mood swings from extreme depression to extreme euphoria. The most common disorder is manic depression.
Personality disorders, caused by failure to learn or practice effective coping skills. The individual may display antisocial behavior, psychopathic behavior, or sociopathic behavior. |
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Term
| The suicide rate in the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| Suicide rates are higher among: |
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Definition
White Americans age 14 to 22 and 65 and older
African Americans age 15 to 35
Native Americans teenage to old age |
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Term
| People who attempt suicide usually exhibit one or more of the following: |
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Definition
Feeling deeply depressed
Constantly think about how life is difficult
Express thoughts of suicide to another
Have a specific plan
Develop the plan |
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Term
| The many uses of DSM can be grouped into two general categories: |
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Definition
1) as a source of diagnostic information to enhance clinical practice, research, and education
(2) as a language for communicating diagnostic information to others (for example, other colleagues, hospital administrative bodies, journals, government agencies, insurance companies). |
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Term
| Maintaining good mental health involves similar approaches to those used to maintain good emotional health. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maintaining good mental health approaches: |
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Definition
Realistic expectations: having unrealistic expectations set us up for failures and stress
Responsible approaches to problems and challenges: learn to compromise with others
Keep events in perspective.
Recognize and express negative feelings
Recognize negative "self talk"
Do not brood: refocus energy and do something positive. Get away from it all |
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Term
| General signs of mental illness to be aware of including: |
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Definition
Undue prolonged anxiety. Excessive worry disproportionate to the reason or cause of worry. Constant state of tension or fear.
Severe prolonged depression. Hopelessness, helplessness, feelings of inadequacy, pessimism.
Abrupt changes in mood and behavior. Negative changes that reflect serious alterations in an individual’s normal habits or way of thinking.
Tension induced physical symptoms. Headaches, nausea, aches, pains, exhaustion, gastrointestinal problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on identifying those who need help. |
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Term
| When assessing mental health, including positive aspects of good mental health is important |
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Definition
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Term
| Assessment of cognitive abilities can be done indirectly during interaction with a client |
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Definition
| The client’s ability to respond to complex questions gives some insight into comprehension abilities. The client’s learning patterns are also useful to know. Some individuals need personal instruction, while others learn best through reading or group discussion. |
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Term
| Health related behaviors and responses to past illnesses might help predict the individual’s responses to current or future illnesses |
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Definition
| Simple questions such as "What do you do to keep yourself healthy" and "What do you do when you become ill" may provide valuable information on coping behavior and help predict future behavior. |
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Term
| Non-verbal communication may also provide some information on mental health. |
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Definition
| Facial expressions, or lack of facial expressions, give an indication of the individual’s affect. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
one of the most widely used psychological testing instruments in behavioral health.
567 true/ false questions. applicant's answers are scored and viewed in relation to one another. |
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Term
| What types of psychological problems can be identified through MMPI test? |
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Definition
-Excessive anxiety and tension, hostility, and worry
-substance abuse, deviant thinking and experience, social withdrawal, problematic anger, and suicidal, homicidal or other violent tendencies are also revealed
The clinical scales include the following: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, masculinity/femininity, paranoia, schizophrenia, hypomania, and introversion/extroversion |
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Term
| The Beck Depression Inventory: |
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Definition
Developed specifically for the measurement of depression. It consists of 21 items, each with four response choices in the form of statements ranked in order of severity.
-he symptoms and attitudes the scale attempts to measure are sadness, pessimism/discouragement, sense of failure, dissatisfaction, guilt, expectation of punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideation, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body-image distortion, work retardation, insomnia, fatigability, anorexia, weight loss, somatic preoccupation and loss of libido. |
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Term
| The Biomedical Model of health: |
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Definition
| focuses solely on the physiological state of an individual. |
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Term
| There are four primary assumptions under the biomedical model: |
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Definition
The presence of disease, its diagnosis, and treatment are all completely objective phenomena. Signs and symptoms, along with test results, provide accurate and unbiased information from which valid diagnosis can unfailingly be made.
Only medical professionals are capable of defining health and illness.
Health and illness should be defined solely in terms of physiological malfunction.
Health is defined as the absence of disease. |
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Term
| The Biomedical Model essentially separates the mind and body, know as mind-body dualism. |
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Definition
| It also propagates the idea of "Reductionism", the doctrine that the phenomena of health and illness are best understood at the level of physics and chemistry, or biochemical characteristics. |
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Term
| Biomedical indicators cannot account for these factors: |
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Definition
| Psychological, social, and cultural factors may influence how symptoms of a disease are experienced and reported, and how they affect the person. |
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Term
| The biomedical approach ignores the influence of life situations on the person's health. |
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Definition
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Term
| The biomedical model excludes positive functioning. |
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Definition
| The model focuses attention on the malfunctioning part of the organism, but excludes the rest of the positively functioning being.As a result, much has been learned about disease, but little about health |
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Term
| Many individuals want a quick fix for what ails them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Critics of the Biomedical Model of health have attempted to provide their own models of health that include more than biological functioning: |
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Definition
| Psychological Model and the Sociological Model |
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Term
| The primary premise of the psychological model of health: |
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Definition
| individuals constantly make subjective evaluations of the own health |
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Term
| What are the subjective evaluations made in psychological model of health? |
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Definition
Is a general feeling of well being present or absent?
Is there a sense of pleasurable involvement? Pleasurable involvement is viewed as a good feeling associated with personal accomplishments, receiving compliments, and being involved in interesting daily activities.
Is long-term satisfaction present? This longer lasting sense of happiness is associated with positive personal, family, and work situations.
Is there a presence or absence of negative affect? Negative affect includes unhappiness, loneliness, and criticism from others. |
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Term
| Being happy involves more that not being sad, and being healthy involves more than not being ill. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sociological approach to health: |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the social and cultural aspects of health and illness. focuses on the individual's capacity to perform roles and tasks. |
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Term
| Health relates to the ability to comply with social norms and to perform the roles and tasks for which an individual has been socialized. |
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Definition
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Term
| The perception of health is relative to one's culture and one's position in the social culture, and is influenced by social criteria. Personal definitions of health may vary by age, gender, and perceived level of health. |
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Definition
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Term
| six primary orientations to the way researchers define health: |
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Definition
Physical function. Focuses on physical limitations and activities such as self-care, physical mobility, participation in physical activities, the ability to perform everyday activities, and the number of days confined to bed.
Mental health. Focuses on feelings of anxiety and depression, psychological well being, control of emotions and behaviors.
Social well being. Focuses on visiting with and/or speaking on phone with friends and family, and the number of close friends and acquaintances.
Role functioning. Focuses on freedom of limitations in discharging usual role activities such as work or school.
General health perception. Self-assessment of current health status or amounts of pain being experienced.
Symptoms. Focuses on reports of physical and psychological symptoms. |
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Term
| The World Health Organization (WHO: |
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Definition
| Has challenged the biomedical model of health for many years. |
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Term
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Definition
| international organization, many views and varying health traditions influence their model of health. Their model of health includes the involvement of all individuals and communities. While health professionals are viewed as being very important, they are only part of the team. The WHO model of health also includes factors such as economic development and social involvement as important in promoting and maintaining the health of the world's population. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most recent version of the agenda to address the health concerns of the nation |
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Term
| The U.S ranked 24th in infant mortality and Americans had a life expectancy that was relatively low. |
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Definition
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Term
| Economic considerations also played a part in the development of the Healthy People agenda. |
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Definition
Injury > $100 billion annually (quadriplegic $570,000 per case)
Cancer > $70 billion (lung cancer $29,000 per case)
CAD > $135 billion (CABG 30,000 x 300,000 per year)
AIDS $75,000 per case
Liver transplant $250,000 per case |
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Term
| Healthy People 2000 attempted to switch the emphasis from treatment (the biomedical model) to prevention and health enhancement.According to the plan: |
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Definition
Health should be measured by more than death rates.
For individuals, health is best measured by a sense of well being.
For the nation, health measured by the extent to which gains are accomplished for all people. |
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Term
| Healthy People 2000 3 broad goals: |
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Definition
Increase the span of healthy life for Americans
Reduce the health disparities among Americans
Achieve access to preventive services for all Americans |
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Term
| To achieve the goals outlined by the program, the country must combine: |
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Definition
Scientific knowledge
Professional skill
Individual commitment
Community support
Political will |
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Term
| Healthy People 2000 plan identified as being most important to the health of the nation. These objectives can also be classified under three broad categories or types of objectives: |
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Definition
Health Promotion. Related to individual lifestyle (e.g. exercise, nutrition, tobacco, alcohol, family planning, mental health, and violent and abusive behavior.) These objectives target healthy individuals for health enhancement and lifestyle modification. Health Promotion requires active involvement by the individual and community, and can be addressed by educational and community based programs.
Health Protection. These objectives are aimed at environmental or regulatory measures that confer protection on large populations (e.g. injuries, occupational safety and health, environmental health, food and drug safety, oral health). Health Protection emphasizes decreasing health hazards in our physical environment. The principle approach is community wide rather than individual. However, this area includes a substantial health promotion element as well.
Preventive Services. Concerns the health services sector with a relatively passive consumer. This area includes counseling, screening, and immunization interventions for individuals in clinical settings (e.g. maternal and infant health, heart disease and stroke, cancer, diabetes, HIV infection). Clinical preventive services are also included. |
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