Term
| Which atom model is used in NMT class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are electron shells? |
|
Definition
| well defined orbits of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the force the which the electrons are bound by the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What are the electron shell letters? |
|
Definition
| K (innermost) to Q (outermost) |
|
|
Term
| How are positive ions produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are negative ions produced? |
|
Definition
| when electrons attach themselves to neutral atoms or molecules |
|
|
Term
| What determines the magnitude of the electrical charge on an ion? |
|
Definition
| It is equal to the number of electrons removed or added |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from a particular shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
x - symbol
A - mass #
Z - atomic #
N - neutron # |
|
|
Term
| What is an atomic number? |
|
Definition
| Number of protons present in the atomic mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same number of protons (Z) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same number of neutrons (N) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
131 I, 123 I
16 O, 17 O, 18 O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
131 132 133
I Xe Cs
53 78 54 78 55 78 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to an unstable nucleus? |
|
Definition
| It will decay or disintegrate by discrete energy steps or transitions until a stable state is reached |
|
|
Term
| What causes nuclear stability? |
|
Definition
1. Long range coulomb forces of repulsion between the positive charges between protons
2. Short range attractive forces known as exchange forces which involved the neutron |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the Z number changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two lines on the nuclear stability chart? |
|
Definition
| The theoretical line, the actual line |
|
|
Term
| What is the nuclear line of stability? |
|
Definition
| in theory, a stable element could be achieved if the number of protons and neutrons were equal |
|
|
Term
| When does the theoretical line of stability begin to fail? |
|
Definition
| After the first 20 elements |
|
|
Term
| Why does the nuclear line of stability not true after Z = 20? |
|
Definition
1. Coulomb forces become significant
2. more and more neutrons are required for the element to remain stable |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclides lying above the line of stability? |
|
Definition
| proton deficient, neutron rich |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclides lying below the line of stability? |
|
Definition
| neutron deficient, proton rich |
|
|
Term
| How will an unstable nuclei attempt to achieve stability? |
|
Definition
| By changing its ratio of neutrons to protons by means of spontaneous disintegration (radioactive decay) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of radioactive emissions? |
|
Definition
| particulate (particles), electromagnetic (photons) |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of particulate emission? |
|
Definition
| alpha, beta, positrons, internal conversion, auger electrons |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of electromagnetic emission? |
|
Definition
| gamma rays, electron capture, isometric transition, characteristic x-rays |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of alpha particles? |
|
Definition
| identical to a helium atom, only relatively heavy radioactive nuclides (high Z) decay by alpha |
|
|
Term
| What can stop alpha particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can stop beta particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do beta particles originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are beta particles similar to? |
|
Definition
| same mass and charge as an electron |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an electron and a beta particle? |
|
Definition
| beta comes from nucleus, electron comes from electron cloud |
|
|
Term
| What happens during beta emission? |
|
Definition
1. neutron loses negative charge
2. converts to proton
3. decreases n:p ratio one less neutron, one more proton
4. negative charge given off in the form of a beta particle |
|
|
Term
| What is a positron similar to? |
|
Definition
| identical in size an mass but opposite in charge to an electron |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a positron is emitted? |
|
Definition
1. released from nucleus when a proton is converted into a neutron
2. proton loses positive charge becoming electrically neutral
3. positive charge (positron) is emitted from nucleus with a neutrino |
|
|
Term
| What is the intranuclear effect of a positron? |
|
Definition
proton number is decreased, neutron increased
expected where there is an excess of protons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves with the speed of light, high frequency - low wavelength |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between gamma and x-ray? |
|
Definition
| gamma rays originate in nucleus, x-rays in the electron cloud |
|
|
Term
| How are gamma rays given off? |
|
Definition
from unstable nucleus
usually accompanies other types of radiation, gives off another type of radiation (particulate) |
|
|
Term
| What determines the speed of particulate radiation? |
|
Definition
| the greater the energy, the greater the speed |
|
|
Term
| What determines the speed of gamma radiation? (and x-rays) |
|
Definition
| energy is constant and always travels at the speed of light |
|
|
Term
| How does internal conversion electrons work? |
|
Definition
1. energy of the unstable nucleus is transferred to an orbital electron
2. electron is ejected from the atom
3. ejected electron is replaced by outer shell electrons (with resulting characteristic x-rays or auger electrons being admitted) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal conversion electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the electron is taken in and combined with a proton. The Z changes, therefore the element changes |
|
|
Term
| What determines the energy of a characteristic x-ray? |
|
Definition
| difference between the binding energies of each different shell |
|
|
Term
| What happens in electron capture? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus captures electron from orbital shell. The positron will become a neutron because of the added electron |
|
|
Term
| What is the intranuclear effect of electron capture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get gamma rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get characteristic x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Details about characteristic x-ray |
|
Definition
little particulate radiation
inner shell electron lost
excess energy given off as x-ray |
|
|
Term
| What is the energy of an x-ray? |
|
Definition
| energy of x-ray is equal to the difference in binding energy of the two shells involved |
|
|
Term
| What happens in auger electron radiation? |
|
Definition
| energy of x-ray transferred to electron |
|
|
Term
| What is the energy of the electron in an auger electron? |
|
Definition
| equal to the energy of the x-ray minus the energy of the auger electron |
|
|
Term
| What is Isomeric transition? |
|
Definition
| You will have a radioisotope and it exists in two different energy states and then you have isomers. This will be obvious by the letter m in the mass number |
|
|
Term
| What indicators will there be that isometric transition occurred? |
|
Definition
| same mass number (A), same atomic number (Z), possess different energy levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the decay phenomena? |
|
Definition
| give up energy, unique for each radioactive nuclide (element) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of time that has to elapse for one half of a radioactive material to decay (rate of disintegration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unstable nucleus that de-excites by way of nuclear decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a radiopharmaceutical |
|
Definition
99m Tc which is used in bone scanning
99m TcO4 which is known as pertechnetate |
|
|
Term
| Radionuclide vs radiopharmaceutical |
|
Definition
| radionuclide is not suitable for human consumption, radiopharm must meet the standards of the FDA and USP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change the ratio, making it radioactive
Cyclotron, reactor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| split larger atoms into two or more smaller atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no transmutation, impossible to make a carrier free radionuclide - parent and daughter cannot be separated bc they are the same element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parent radionuclide removed from column and appears in eluate |
|
|
Term
| What is the amount of impurities allowed in moly breakthrough |
|
Definition
| NO MORE than 0.15 uCi of 99MO/1 mCi 99mTc at the time of administration |
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of 99m Tc daughter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of 99 Mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the parent or daughter cell decay faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is alumina breakthrough? |
|
Definition
| When alumina comes off the column and finds its way into the eluate |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell there is alumina breakthrough? |
|
Definition
| The eluate (daughter) will appear cloudy in appearance |
|
|
Term
| Why is the parent radionuclide not used and removed from the column? |
|
Definition
| It may add significant radiation dose to the patient and no diagnostic information |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the alumina is not removed from the eluate? |
|
Definition
| Al particles form, visualized as hepatic uptake, liver scanning may be visualized as lung uptake |
|
|
Term
| What is the colorimetric spot test? |
|
Definition
| small drop of pertechnetate eluate is placed on filter paper containing aluminon - Al ion reacts with indicator to produce pink color |
|
|
Term
| What is the the concentration of the Al ion solution used during colorimetric spot test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three categories of QC? |
|
Definition
radiation considerations
pharmaceutical considerations
biologi considerations |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of QC under radiation considerations? |
|
Definition
radionuclidic purity
radiochemical purity |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of QC under pharmaceutical considerations? |
|
Definition
visual inspection
pH determination
chemical purity |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of QC under biologic considerations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraction of the total radioactivity in a source that is present in the form of the desired radionuclide and is expressed as a percentage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraction of the total radioactivity in a source that is present in the desired chemical form and is expressed as a percentage |
|
|
Term
| How to do radiochemical testing? |
|
Definition
1. Place strip in solvent just to come the bottom
2. Solvent moves up strip by capillary action |
|
|
Term
| How to do a visual inspection? |
|
Definition
| Check for foreign material, improper appearance or color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the presence of undesirable chemicals in radiopharmacueticals |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of visual inspection? |
|
Definition
| 131 I appears clear, but turns light amber with time due to radiation |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of chemical purity? |
|
Definition
| aluminum ion contamination from generator eluate |
|
|
Term
| What does sterility mean? |
|
Definition
| contains no living organism, pathogenic or non-pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of ensuring sterility? |
|
Definition
autoclaving
membrane filtratoin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pyrogen free mean? |
|
Definition
| must be free or metabolic products (endotoxins) |
|
|
Term
| What is a pyrogenic response? |
|
Definition
onset of chills and fever within 45-90 min
sluggishness and headaches |
|
|
Term
| Can a solution be sterile but pyrogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of pyrogen testing? |
|
Definition
| USP rabbit test, LAL test |
|
|
Term
| What is the USP rabbit test? |
|
Definition
3 rabbits injected in ear vein
monitor temperature for 3 hours
If no rabbit shows a rise of 0.6 degrees
AND the sum of all three does not exceed 1.4 degree increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use amoebocyte of horseshoe crab |
|
|
Term
| What type of pyrogen testing should be done when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid and why? |
|
Definition
| LAL test and become endotoxins are 1,000 x more toxic intrathecally than intravenously |
|
|
Term
| What is the electron volt? |
|
Definition
| 1 eV is the amount of energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through an electrical potential of one volt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the structure and function of individual cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic material making up all living things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protoplasm within the boundaries of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protoplasm within the boundaries of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What are similar cell groupings called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are similar tissue groupings called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are organs that participate in one function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of water to the cell? |
|
Definition
dissolves chemicals
minimizes effects of temp changes
disperses compounds within a cell |
|
|
Term
| What does the sodium potassium pump do? |
|
Definition
| maintains steady osmotic pressure within a cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell membrane composed of? |
|
Definition
| phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
Hydrophilic head face outwards
Hydrophobic tail face inwards |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
gives structure
regulates exchange or nutrients and wastes
barrier between intra and extracellular components |
|
|
Term
| What is cytoplasm composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cytosol composted of? |
|
Definition
| dissolved nutrients, dissolved wastes, ions, proteins, K |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-membranous organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the membranous organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are centrioles composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are centrioles responsible for? |
|
Definition
| directing DNA during cell division |
|
|
Term
| Where are centrioles found? |
|
Definition
| all animal cells capable of reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What are ribosomes composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ribosomes responsible for? |
|
Definition
| manufactures proteins under the direction of the DNA |
|
|
Term
| Where are ribosomes found? |
|
Definition
| free in cytoplasm, attached to endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| How many nucleoli are found within each nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nuclear pores in the nucleus for? |
|
Definition
| allows passage of small molecules, too small for proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Side rails - deoxyribose and phosphate molecules
Steps - connected by 4 molecules (bases) |
|
|
Term
| What are the pairs in DNA and what are they held together by? |
|
Definition
Adenine - thymine
Guanine - cytosine
Held together by hydrogen bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loosely coiled threads in the nucleus of each cell that contain DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what attaches each chromatid together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two chromatids connected by a centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene pairs, occurs in pairs except egg and sperm cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells from conception to maturity? |
|
Definition
| 1 cell to 75 trillion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in interphase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell performs ordinary functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell duplicates organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| last minute protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatin tightens and becomes visible as chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up in center, spindle fiber attached to centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes separate into duplicate chromatids
cytoplasm constrict chromatids near their destination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytokinesis complete
Nucleoli and membrane reappear
Centrioles replicate
Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
Cell begins interphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative biological effectiveness |
|
|
