Term
| Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the _________ perspective. |
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Definition
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| Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes he role of _____ in development. |
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Definition
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| According to _______ theory, children learn primarily through modeling. |
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Definition
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| According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-deveopment theory, _________ |
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Definition
| children actively contruct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. |
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| Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on______ |
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Definition
| how culture is transmitted to the next generation |
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Term
| Ecological systems theory views the person as___________ |
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Definition
| developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment |
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Term
| History-graded influences explain why _________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to BF Skinner, _________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and ________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior. |
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Definition
| Reinforcement; Punishment |
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Term
| Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a ________ process. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the_________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, and they mutually support each other's partenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In ________, people hold different beliefs and customs from those help by the larger culture. |
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Definition
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Term
| The United States is strongly _______, whereas most Western European countries lean toward________ |
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Definition
| indivdualistic; collectivism |
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Term
| According to the concept of epigenesis,_____________ |
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Definition
| development results from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the enviroment. |
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Term
| Development is best understood as__________ |
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Definition
| a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture |
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Term
| According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called _______ are organized ways of making sense of experience. |
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Definition
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Term
| During _______, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in ______, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely. |
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Definition
assimilation; accommodation
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Term
| In Piaget's theory, children shift from assimilation toward accommodation when they are________ |
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Definition
| in a state of cognitive disequilibrium |
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Term
| In the information-processing system, a special part of working memory, called the ________, directs the flow of information. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recall is more challenging than recognition because it_______ |
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Definition
| invovles remembering something that is not present. |
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Term
| ________ helps infants reduce the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day so they can learn and remember. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Vygotsky, _______ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners. |
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Definition
| the zone of proximal development |
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Term
| Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit peices into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the peices so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Hahn believes that language is etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Hahn endorses the ______ perspective of lanuage development. |
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Definition
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Term
| When toddlers first learn words, they often apply them too narrowly, an error called________ |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are self-conscious emtions?
a. guilt, shame, and pride
b. shame, doubt, and surprise
c. embarassment, pride, and interest
d. envy, happiness, and disgust |
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Definition
| A. guilt, shame, and pride |
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Term
| Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion? |
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Definition
| Label Thomas's feelings, encourage him to describe his internal state, and offer a comforting hug |
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Term
| Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a _________ child. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements about the influence of the environment on temperament is true?
a.the environment has a greater impact on temperament than genetic factors
b.Genetic factors have a greater impact on temperament than the environment
c. parents tend to view siblings as more similar in temperament and personality than other observers do
d. temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors |
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Definition
| D.Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors |
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Term
| Erika becomes upset when her mother leaves. When her mother is present, Erika follows and climbs on her in perference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's _______ phase. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Strange Situation, Olivia seems unresponsive to her mother when she is present. When her mother leaves, Olivia is not distressed. She reacts to the stranger in much the same way. Olivia is demonstrating characteristics of________ attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend, Missy. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challanges. Daniel may not have mastered the tasks of ______ and ______ during infancy and childhood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lauren is beginning to use strategies to adjust her emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so she can accomplish her goals. Lauren is using_______ |
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Definition
| emotional self-regulation |
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Term
| Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as an _____ child. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ invovles creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evovled response that promotes survival. |
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Definition
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Term
| John Bowlby retained the psychoanalytic idea that______ |
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Definition
| quality of attachment to the caregiver has profound implications for the child's capacity to form trusting relationships |
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Term
| In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When seperated, Bernadette does not cry, but whenher mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating ______ attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Veronica has the ability to understand her friends' emotional state and respond emotionally in a similar way. Veronica is displaying______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out". Jasmine is demonstrating a lack of understanding of ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Piaget's conversation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by _______ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heidi is shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. Asked, "Are there more red flowers or flowers?" Heidi, a preoperational child, responds, "More red flowers." This problem demonstrates Heidi's difficulty with ________ |
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Definition
| hierarchical classification |
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Term
| According to Vygotksy, learning takes place______ |
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Definition
| within the zone of proximal development |
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Term
| When building a block tower with his younger daughter, Samuel adjusts the support offered to his daughter to fit her current level of performance. Samuel is engaging in______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Metacognition invovles ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Two-year-old Aidan says. "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating______ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Piaget achnowledged that _______ is our most flexible means of mental representation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three-year old Abah refuses to leave his stuffed elephant at home. He explains, "She feels scared because she is alone." Abah is using_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Using _______, children in a Piagetian classroom are encouraged to spontaneously interact with the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vygotsky saw _________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processess. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr.Frolicker shows a group of 4-year-olds a set of 10 items on a tray. She then mixes them up with some unfamiliar items, and asks the children to point to the ones in the original set. Dr. Frolicker is testing______ |
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Definition
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Term
| With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ______ style recall ______ information about past events. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eighteen-month-old Gabriella witnesses her mother finding a Duplo block in its labeled canister. When her mother isn't looking, Gabriella watches as her father moves the black to an unmarked canister. When her mother again searches for the black in the original canister, Gabriella helps her locate the black in the unmarked canister. This indicates that Gabriella may have an implicit grasp of______ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is____ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ______ and ______ play. |
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Definition
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Term
| Four-year-old Ellie is show two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view______ |
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Definition
| the stealing as worse than the bad table manners |
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Term
| Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of ______ aggression. |
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Definition
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Term
| Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ child-rearing style is the most successful approach. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they ________ |
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Definition
| are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults |
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Term
| The more parents _______, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding. |
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Definition
| label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers |
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Term
| An important motivator of prosocial behavior is_______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in ______ play. |
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Definition
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Term
| Truly moral individuals_______ |
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Definition
| have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct |
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Term
| Discipline that relies on _______ makes children so anxious and fightening that they cannot think clearly enough to figure out what they should do. |
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Definition
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Term
| Preschoolers distinguish ______, which protect people's rights and welfare, from ______, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual. |
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Definition
| moral imperatives; matters of personal choice |
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Term
| In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and legos. This is an example of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sophia's parents are warm but overindulgent and inattentive. They make few demands for maturity. They permit Sophia to make many decisions before she is ready. Sophia's parents have an _____ style of child rearing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is regarded as one of the most effective interventions for treating childhood obesity? |
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Definition
| A family based approach focused on chaging behaviors |
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Term
| According to Piaget, thought in middle childhood is far more _____ than in early childhood. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Mike had to learn the state capitals, he grouped the states by region to assist his memory. Which memory strategy did Mike use? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler intelligence tests_____ |
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Definition
| are often used to identify highly intelligent children and to diagnose children with learning problems |
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Term
| Individuals whose _______ systems function more efficiently appear to have an edge in intellectual skills. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr.Whittier believes that many intelligence tests sample knowledge and skills that not all groups of children have had equal opportunity to learn. Dr. Whittier's belief reflects the controversial question that ethnic differences in IQ have to do with_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to research on class size, in which of the following elementary classrooms will children likely score the highest in reading and math achievement? |
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Definition
| A class of 13 to 17 students with only one teacher |
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Term
| During a conversation-of-water experiment. Emme can focus on several aspecys of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When Taylor was given a list of ingredients to memorize, she immediately repeated the list to herself over and over. Which memory strategy did Taylor use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Quinn knows that he should group items when memorizing lists, but he does not always do so. Quinn is not yet good at _________ |
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Definition
| Cognitive self-regulation |
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Term
| In Sternberg's triarchic theory, intelligent behavior invovles balancing ______ intelligences. |
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Definition
| analytical, creative, and practical |
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Term
Carter, an 8-year-old African-American boy, is told by a researcher that certain veral tasks are "not a test." He is told that other verbal tasks are "a test of how good children are at school problems." If Carter is aware of ethnic stereotypes, which of the following is probably true?
a.he will perform better in the "test" condition
b. He will perform similarly in both conditions
c. He will perform far worse in the "test" condition
d. He will answer the "test" questions, but refuse to another the "not a test", questions |
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Definition
| C. He is perform far worse in the "test" condition |
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Term
| Research on educational philosophies indicates that ______ |
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Definition
| constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity. |
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Term
| During childhood and adolescence, perceived _______ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Children who develop______ attribute their failures, not their successess, to ability. |
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Definition
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Term
| Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said "I'm hungry." She took the man's perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In _______ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dwayne feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his knitting hobby. His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other hobbies, such as woodworking or coin collecting. Dwayne is distressed and stops knitting. Which of the following accurately describes Dwayne's gender identity self-evluation? |
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Definition
| Feels pressure to conform to gender roles |
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Term
Which of the following statements about resilience is true?
a. Resilience is a preexisting attribute rather than a capacity that develops over time
b. Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity
c.Because they are repeatedly exposed to adversity, abused children become increasingly resilient over time
d. Resilience is less common among children with mastery-oriented approach to new situations |
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Definition
| B. Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity |
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Term
| According to Erikson, a sense of ______ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's self-confidence with negative responses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that_____ |
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Definition
| People's expressions may not reflect their true feelings |
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Term
| Amelia has well-developed emotional self-regulation. She feels that she is in control of her emotional experience. Amelia has acquired_____ |
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Definition
| a sense of emotional self-efficacy |
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Term
| When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, _______ children get many positive votes, whereas ________ children are seldom mentioned. |
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Definition
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Term
| On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a _____ child. |
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Definition
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Term
| Octavio feels comfortable being a boy, which consequently makes him happy. Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Octavio's gender identity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Effective parents gradually shirt control from adult to child. They do not let go entirely but rather engage in_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in _____ greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy. |
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Definition
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Term
| The best way to reduce the suffering of a child sexual abuse victim is to _________ |
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Definition
| Prevent the sexual abuse from continuing |
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