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Exam #1
General Anthropology, Living Primates, Anthropology and Biology, Evolution of Humans
54
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
09/20/2012

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
acculturation
Definition
the massive cultural change that occurs in society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society
Term
Acheulian Tools
Definition

More sophisticated tool industry than Oldowan that was created by homo erectus.

  • H. erectus developed cleavers (like hand axes without points) and various scrapers to process animal hides for bedding and clothing
  • flake tools used to cut meat and process vegetables
  • "retouching" into points for borers, drilling, or punching holes in material
  • H. erectus use of raw materials demonstrates improved technological efficiency
  • emphasis on smaller tools, economizing their materials
Term
allele
Definition

alternate forms of a single gene (dominant or recessive)

 

EX: A-B-O blood types, eye color

Term
Anthropology
Definition

the study of humankind in all times and places. The four fields of anthropology include

  1. Biological Anthropology
  2. Archaeology
  3. Cultural Anthropology
  4. Linguistic Anthropology
Term
Austrolopithecus Afarensis
Definition

3.7-2.9 mya

  • BIPEDAL!!
  • small brain size, but larger than ardipitheus
  • due to adaptive radiation (a lot of bipeds living in different environments) robust and gracile form of austrolopithecines developed
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition

many organisms adapting to different environments

 

EX: australopithecines- a lot of bipeds doing different things in different environments produced gracile and robust australo.

Term
bipedalism
Definition

form of locomotion on two feet found in humans and their ancestors

 

more open terrain with drier environments and loss of dense forests allowed for bipedalism to come about

Term
culture
Definition

book: a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in behavior

 

notes: culture is shared, learned symbolic systems of values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape and influence perception and behaviors

Term
diffusion
Definition

spread of ideas, customs or practices from one culture to another, or borrowing of traits between cultures; can be through trade, inter-marriage, or conflict

 

viewed as a major source of culture

Term
encephalization
Definition
increased cranial capacity
Term
enculturation
Definition
the process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the belief that the ways of ones culture are the only proper ones
Term
ethnography
Definition

a detailed description of a particular culture based on fieldwork (on-location research)

 

hallmark of ethnographic fieldwork is a combination of social participation and personal observation within the community being studied and interviews and discussion with individual members of a group

 

COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

Term
Ethnology
Definition
the study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups
Term
gene flow
Definition

the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another  

 

genetic variants moving between populations - homogenizes them (dependent on population sizes)   

 

frequent gene flow tends to prevent speciation

Term
genetic drift
Definition
the chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population
Term
genetic bottlenecks
Definition

events that reduce variation 

ex: migration to a new area, disease, volcano explosion

Term
Founder principle
Definition
isolated populations only draw from the genetic variation they start with (mutation adds variation but it is slow)
Term
genotype
Definition

the alleles possessed for a particular trait

 

EX: Hh or BB or tt

Term
genus homo
Definition

 

  • compared to australopithecines: increased cranial capacity, more gracile dentition, reduced body hair, flatter facial structure
  • more diversity in tool kits
  • coexisted with anatomically modern humans
  • first out of Africa
Term
holism
Definition
a fundamental principle of anthropology; the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interdependence
Term
hominin
Definition

(Humans and ancestors)

UPRIGHT BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION

Term
homo erectus
Definition

"upright human"

a species within the genus homo first appearing just 2mya in Africa and ultimately spreading throughout the Old World

 

  • taller 
  • sexual dimorphism?
  • technology, gathering, hunting
  • encephalization
  • more food processing done with tools, more gracile molars and jaw muscles
  • Acheulian tools
Term
homo florensis
Definition

"dwarf homo"

the product of a long period of evolution on a comparitively small island where environmental conditions placed body size at a selective advantage; despite small cranial capacity, sophisticated stone tool technologies beyond h. erectus were excavated

Term
homo habilis
Definition

"handy human"

the first fossil members of the genus homo appearing 2.5 million years ago, with larger brains and smaller faces than australopithecus; used Oldowan tools

Term

homo neanderthalis

(Neandertals)

Definition

a distinct group within the genus homo inhabiting Europe and Southwest Asia from approximately 30,000 to 125,000 years ago

  • stocky, large trunk, more forward
  • rugged musculature
  • Mousterian Tools
  • buried dead
Term
incest taboo
Definition
the prohibition of sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent and child and sibling relations at a minimum
Term
Kimura's Neutral Theory
Definition
most mutations are neither advantageous or disadvantages
Term
Lucy
Definition

3.2 year old fossil specimen (Australopithecine)

found in Ethiopia

 

bipedal locomotion of humans and small skull of apes

Term
Mousterian Tools
Definition

tool making tradition of the Neandertals

  • a core was prepared and uniform flakes would be removed from it
  • additional work done on each flake
  • 14 tools in tool kit
Term

mitochondrial DNA

(mtDNA)

Definition
  • DNA found in mitochondria
  • typically inherited from the mother (MATRILINE)
  • Why use it? because there is more of it, cells have multiple copies unlike nuclear DNA

 

used to determine that a finger bone fragment was a common ancestor with Neandertal and modern Homo Sapiens

Term
Mutation
Definition
the chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation
Term
point mutation
Definition
changing a single base pair, may not change the coding of an amino acid due to the redundancy in the triplicate code
Term
insertion mutation
Definition
the addition of one or more base pairs in a DNA sequence, can result in frameshift mutations
Term
deletion mutation
Definition
part of a chromosome or sequence of DNA is missing, causes frameshift mutations
Term
frameshift mutation
Definition
a completely different sequence of amino acids
Term
nonsense mutation
Definition
results in premature stop codon
Term
missense mutation
Definition
a mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
Term
neutral mutation
Definition
different amino acid, but functional equivalent (no functional change)
Term
natural selection
Definition
the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce in the next generation
Term
positive selection
Definition
a variant increases in frequency as it is more adaptive in that environment
Term
negative selection
Definition
a variant decreases in frequency as it is maladaptive in that environment
Term
Oldowan Tools
Definition

the first stone tool industry between 2.5 and 2.6 million years ago

  • used by homo habilis
  • pebble tools
  • use a harder rock for hammer percussion
  • core stone used as source for other tools
  • used fine grained volcanics, cryptocrystalline, silicates
Term
participant observation
Definition
in ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time
Term
phenotype
Definition
the observable or testable appearance of an organism that may or may not reflect a particular genotype due to the variable expression of dominant and recessive alleles
Term
primates
Definition
the group of mammals that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and humans
Term
what makes a primate? (5 characteristics)
Definition
  1. opposable thumbs
  2. binocular vision
  3. shared dental formula
  4. sexual dimorphism
  5. forms of locomotion
Term
punctuated equilibria
Definition
a model of macroevolutionary change that suggests evolution occurs via long periods of stability or stasis punctuated by periods of rapid change
Term
Robust-form Austrolopithecines
Definition
known for the rugged nature of their chewing apparatus (large back teeth, large chewing muscles, and a bony ridge on the top of their skulls to allow for these large muscles)
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
variation maintained when variants are neutral or equally opposed by selective pressures
Term
uniformitarianism
Definition

Charles Lyell's nonreligious theory to account for variations in the earth's surface

 

natural processes of erosion, volcanism, earthquakes, soil formation all slowly shaped the world we see

Term
Anatomically modern humans
Definition

physically more modern, but not behaviorally

  • broad midfaces, tall nasal cavities, high cranial vault
  • appeared in Africa and southwestern Asia 200 thousand years ago
Term
behavioral modernity
Definition

high degree of symbolic thought and cultural creativity (originated later than physical modernity)

 

single point mutation around 50 thousand years ago resulted in drastic restructuring of human brain and behavioral modernity?

Term
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
Definition

widely accepted account of evolution; natural selection is the cornerstone

 

combines natural selection with an understanding of what produces biological diversity inheritance

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