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Exam #1
Intro to Philosophy, Canons of RD, Misleading RD
27
Philosophy
Undergraduate 1
02/22/2010

Additional Philosophy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

"It is ______ to their wonder that people, both _____ and at _____ began to philophize"

-Aristotle

Definition

 

1. owing

2. now

3. first

Term

Formal Definition of Philosophy

1. Literal Definition

2. Intermediate Definition

3. Final Definition

Definition

1. Love of Wisdom

2. Pursuit of insights into topics of wonder

3. Rational Investigation

Term

 

Critical Thinking

Central Idea

 

Give an example

Definition

 

How you determine what food to buy

-reject the bad stuff

-keep the good stuff

Term

 

 

Criticial thinking occurs when...

Definition

 

people communitcate with each other

(ex. via, books, newspaper, talking)

Term

 

What are the two prerequisites for Critical thinking?

 

 

Definition

1. Imagination

-role play

-put yourself in the place of the character the ablility to view something from another person's perspective

2. Dispassion

-the ablility to set aside ones own views and not let them influence ones judgement

-requires the willingness to change ones mind, opinion view

Term

 

What are the two Central Activities of Critical Thinking?

Definition

 

1.Analysis

2. Evaluation

Term

 

 

Explain Analysis

Definition

 

-to break up

- breaking up a position into its component parts and understanding how the parts fit together

Term

 

 

Explain Evaluation

Definition

 

-the action of identifiying the strengths and weakness of a position and making a judgement about its worth(value)

Term

 

 

The first Canon of Rational Discourse

(RD)

Definition

 

 

 

RD is a cooperative venture

Term

Adversial venture is -

 

 

Cooperative venture is-

Definition

-the parties have incompatible goals (win-lose)

 

-the parties have a common goal

(win-win; lose-lose)

Term

 

 

Common goal of RD-

Definition

 

 

-to establish new knowledge

Term

 

 

Requirements of First Canon:

Definition

 

1. Accuracy of Information

2. Completeness of Information

Term

 

 

Violations of the First Canon

Definition

1. Fallacy of the strawman

-misrepresenting a persons view so that is easier to criticize/ reject

2. Fallacy of suppressed evidence

-deliberately withholding evidence that is unfavorable to ones position

Term

 

 

Second Canon of Rational Discourse

Definition

 

Rational Discourse proceeds throught argumentation alone

Term

 

 

Requirements of Second Canon of RD

Definition

1. the author must present a clear and complete arguments to the audience

2. no method of persuasion (except argumentation is premitted in RD)

Term

 

 

Violations of Canon of RD

Definition

1. Fallacy of appeal of force

- attempting to persuade an audience by means of coercion instead of arugmentation

2. Fallacy of Appeal to Emotion(pity)

-attempting to persuade an audience ny manipulation its emotion instead of argument

3. attempting persuasion by Rhetorical question

- a question that doesnt try to get answers, but makes a specific point

4. Fallacy of Unwanted Statement/ Assertion

-by failing to provide evidence justification for a controversial

Term

 

 

Third Canon of RD

Definition

 

Arugments stand or fall on their own merits

Term

 

 

Requirements of Third Canon of RD

Definition

 

1.The status of the author should have no impact of the acceptance/rejection of the argument by the audience

 

2. The author should not take praise/criticism of the argument personally

Term

 

 

Violations of Third Canon

Definition

1. Fallacy of ad hominem

-attacking the author rather than the argument

2. Withdrawal from the argument by an author whose argument has been criticized

-author takes criticism personally and takes away from RD  altogether

Term

 

 

Fourth Canon of RD

Definition

 

Good arguments compel the assent of the audience

Term

 

 

Requirements of Fourth RD

Definition

 

1. The audience must accept the truth of a good arguments conclusion

 

2. When rejects an argument the audience must identify a flaw in the argument

Term

 

 

Violations the Fourth Canon

Definition

1. Refusal to accept the conclusion of a good arguments

 

2. Refusal to identify a flaw in a rejected argument

Term

 

 

Misleading Rhetorical Devices

Definition

 -authors technique for persuasion however misleading

1. Emotive language

2.Fine print disclaimer

3. Weasel words

4. Irrelevancy

Term

 

 

Emotive Language

Definition

 

-framing an argument using terms that emotionally dispose the audience to accepting the authors position

Term

 

 

Fine Print Disclaimer

Definition

 

 

-providing relevant information in a way that is easily overlooked by the audience

Term

 

 

Weasel Words

Definition

 

-using short words or phrases that radically alter the meaning of the sentence containing them

Term

 

 

Irrelevancy

Definition

 

-including information that does not support the authors conclusion

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