Term
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to drugs that is often seen after chronic treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to drugs due to induction of enzymes that metabolize the drug |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic Tolerance |
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to drugs that is due to changes in the sensitivity of drug receptors, usually involving compensatory changes in the # of receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) tolerance to drug AND 2) withdrawal symptoms - usually the exact opposite of the effects that the drug produces |
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Term
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Definition
| unusual drug effect in certain individuals |
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Term
| Drug Allergy (hypersensitivity) |
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Definition
| drug acts as an allergen to activate an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| combined effect is equal to sum of the effects of each drug |
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Term
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Definition
| combined effect of the 2 drugs is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug alone |
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Term
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Definition
| one drug enhances toxic actions of another |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter released at pre-ganglionic para- & sympathetic nerves and post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons and at sweat glands & adrenal medulla(both sympathetic); acts on Nicotinic & Muscarinic receptors; |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter released at post-ganglionic neurons & adrenal medulla in sympathetic system |
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Term
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Definition
| main receptor in autonomic ganglia, adrenal meduall, & neuromuscular junction; found on skeletal muscle at the motor end plate & post ganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia; releases ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| main receptor at parasympathetic end organs; present in brain, sweat glands (sympathetic cholinergic); mediates secretion & smooth muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic receptors: in heart, receptors that mediate increased force & rate of contraction; in kidney, receptors that mediate renin secrtion; also in brain |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic receptors found in airways, blood vessels, and pregnant uterus; mediate smooth muscle relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic receptors found in most blood vessels, urinary sphincters, eye; mediates contraction of smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic receptors found on some end organs, at andrenergic nerve, endings, and in CNS |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on the Eyes |
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Definition
| pupilary dilation (mydriasis); increased ciliary aqueous humor production |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Eye |
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Definition
| pupillary constriction (miosis); contraction of ciliary muscle (accomodation for near vision) |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Heart |
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Definition
| Increased Rate; Major increase in contractility; increase in automaticity; increase in conduction velocity |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Heart |
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Definition
| Major decrease in rate; very small decrease in contractility and in automaticity; decrease in conduction velocity |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Blood Vessels of Mucosa, Skin, & Splanchnic Beds |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Blood Vessels of Mucosa, Skin, & Splanchnic Beds |
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Definition
| Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Blood Vessels of Skeletal Muscle |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction (A1) and vasodilation (B2) |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Blood Vessels of Skeletal Muscle |
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Definition
| Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Airways |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Airways |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on GI Tract |
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Definition
| relaxation; decreased motility |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on GI Tract |
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Definition
| increased motility; increased spasms |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Urinary Bladder Wall, Urinary Sphincter, and Prostate |
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Definition
| contraction of sphincters; relaxation of body allowing fluid to be retained |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Urinary Bladder Wall, Urinary Sphincter, and Prostate |
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Definition
| constriction of wall; relaxation of sphincters allowing fluid to be emptied |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effect on Kidney Juxtaglomerular Cells |
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Definition
| increased renin secretion |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effect on Kidney Juxtaglomerular Cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Uterus |
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Definition
| contraction & relaxation of muscles lining wall during pregnancy |
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Male Sex Organ |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effect on Uterus |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Male Sex Organ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Liver, Fat Cells |
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Definition
| increased glucose output; increased fatty acid output |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Liver, Fat Cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Effects on Skin - pilomotor muscles & sweat glands |
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Definition
| pilomotor muscles contract; sweat glands secrete sweat |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Effects on Skin - pilomotor muscle & sweat glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetylcholine (Miochol-E) |
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Definition
| muscarinic agonist; very limited use for treatment of glaucoma; very rapidly hydrolyzed by pseudochlinesterase and acetylcholine esterase |
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Term
| carbochol (Isopto Carbachol) |
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Definition
| muscarinic agonist; analog of ACh; resistant to cholinesterases; stimulates both nicotinic & muscarinic receptors; used for treatment of glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
| analog of Ach; muscarinic agonist; stimulates muscarinic but NOT nicotinic receptors; used for pulmonary function testing in asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| muscarinic agonist; direct muscarinic agonist with NO effect at nicotinic receptors; used to stimulate GI motility & treat urinary retention |
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Term
| pilocarpine (Salagen, Ocusert Pilo) |
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Definition
| muscarinic agonist; used in treatment of glaucoma & xerostomia due to poor salivary secretion |
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Term
| Contraindications for Muscarinic Agonists |
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Definition
| Patients with: asthma, bradycardia, hypotension, vasomotor instability, coronary artery disease, peptic ulcer disease, hyperthyroidism, weakened smooth muscle of bladder or GI tract, urinary or intestinal obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| muscarininc antagonist; relaxes constrictor muscle of iris, allowing for dilation of pupil (mydriasis); contracts ciliary muscle, causing pupil dilation and increasing outflow of aqueous humor, increasing intraocular pressure; |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for the Eye |
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Definition
| muscarinic agonist drops used to treat glaucoma by decreasing intraocular pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha-blocker eye drops used to constrict dilator muscle which pulls the pupil open, dilating the pupil; used for patients that can't use muscarinic antagonists |
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Term
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Definition
| eye drops used to decrease production of aqueous humor in patients with glaucoma by blocking its formation in ciliary epithelium |
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Term
| Therapeutic use of bethanechol (Urecholine) |
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Definition
| gastroenterology - promotes GI motility; treatment of urinary retention |
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Term
| Therapeutic use of pilocarpine |
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Definition
| treatment of glaucoma, treatment of salivary gland dysfunction |
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Term
| Therapeutic use of acetylcholine |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapeutic use of carbachol (Isopto Carbochol) |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapeutic use of methacholine |
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Definition
| used in pulmonary function testing in asthma |
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Term
| Graded Dose Response Relationship |
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Definition
| Graph that shows the intensity of a drug effect in a subject or gropu of subjects as a function of drug dose |
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Term
| Quantal Dose-Response Relationship |
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Definition
| Graph that shows the % of subjects in a population that exhibit a response of a given intensity as a function of drug dose; used to compare effects of different drugs in a population of test subjects; very useful in comparing doses of a single drug that will produce different effects in a population of subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| dose below which no effect is seen |
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Term
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Definition
| position of curve on X-axis, determined by pharmacokinetics of the drug as well as the inherent ability of the drug to bind to the receptor and produce an effect |
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Term
| Efficacy (maximal effect) |
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Definition
| determined by both pharmacokinetics of drug as well as the inherent ability to produce an effect without regard to dose or concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| when different doses of a drug may be needed to produce the same intensity of effect in different subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| provides information on how varying the dose will affect response: very steep = slight increase in drug dose causes large increase in response; shallow = a small increase in drug dose will have less of an effect on the intensity of response |
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Term
| Median Effective Dose (ED50) |
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Definition
| the dose that produces a response in 50% of test subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| quantification of the difference between therapeutic and toxic doses |
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Term
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Definition
| dose of drug that causes death in 50% of test subjects |
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