Term
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Definition
| most common, most aggressive primary tumor; originates in brain tx |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from coverings of brain (meninges) |
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Term
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Definition
| developing in or on the cranial nerves |
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Term
| Brain tumor clinical presentation |
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Definition
HA: worse at night/early morning, worse with straining, lifting, coughing
N/V: from increased ICP; assess
Seizures
Cognitive impairment: short term memory, word finding, confusion, personality/mood issues
• Visual disturbances: decreased acuity, diplopia, field defecits…
Weakness: varies
Aphasia (speech) |
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Term
| Priority nursing care after craniotomy |
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Definition
1. neuro checks
2. pain
3. nausea
4. I& O |
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Term
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Definition
| crack, no misalignment, Low-velocity injuries, usually no loss of consciousness or s/s |
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Term
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Definition
| pressing down, Inc. ICP, injury to brain tx, usually lose consciousness and need surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| can be linear or depressed, not fragmented or communication lacerations, low to mod impact |
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Term
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Definition
| shattered glass (many linear fx's,) fragments can lacerate brain, Direct, high-momentum impact; need surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| depressed skull fx and scalp laceration with communication pathway of intracranial activity (brain tx not pierced,) bone not totally aligned, severe head injury |
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Term
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Definition
Exposure of brain to contaminants thru frontal air sinus (may feel air in forehead tx)
CSF rhinnorhea (signifies dural tear,) pneumocranium |
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Term
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Definition
| periorbital ecchymosis, raccoon’s eyes 2-3 days after injury (may be only s/s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Boggy temporal muscle (extravasion of blood,) Battle’s sign, CSF otorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Deafness, CSF or brain otorrhea. Bulging of tympanic membrane (brain or CSF,) facial paralysis, loss of taste, Battle’s sign |
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Term
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Definition
| Occipital bruising, visual field deficits (healthy eye but partial loss of vision, retain reflexes,) possible ataxia or cerebellar signs |
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Term
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Definition
| CSF or brain otorrhea, bulging of tympanic membrane (blood or CSF,) Battle’s sign, tinnitus or hearing difficulty, facial paralysis, conjugate deviation of gaze (difficulty moving eyes together to focus,) vertigo, raccoon’s eyes |
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Term
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Definition
neuro emergency, hemorrhage in epidural space between dura and skill
Assoc. w/ linear fx crossing major artery in dura, causing tear
Venous – slower bleed, arterial – quick
S/S: unconscious, brief lucid period, decreased LOC, HA, n/v, focal deficits |
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Term
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Definition
between dura mater and arachnoid layer; outcome depends on size/location
Results from injury to brain tx and blood vessels
o Usually venous (develops slowly)
May need surgery |
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Term
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Definition
W/in 48 hours of severe trauma; immediate deterioration!
S/S: inc. ICP (fixed pupils,) decreased LOC, HA, dilated ipsilateral pupil
Tx: craniotomy, evacuation and decompression |
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Term
| subacute subdural hematoma |
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Definition
W/in 48 hours – 2 weeks after injury
S/S: mental status changes
Tx: evacuation and decompression, need surgery |
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Term
| chronic subdural hematoma |
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Definition
Weeks – months after injury, usually >20 days; injury may have seemed trivial
S/S: nonspecific, nonlocalizing (ie- blurred vision,) progressive alteration in LOC
Tx: evacuation and decompression, membranectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| bleeding w/in brain tx, usually w/in frontal and temporal lobes, may result from rupture of intracerebral vessels at time of injury |
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Term
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Definition
No sensation, no control of neck, require vent, totally dependent
sip/puff EWC, voice |
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Term
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Definition
| head/neck sensation, some neck control, independent of vent for short periods, dependent, sip/puff ewc |
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Term
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Definition
| good sensory/motor head and neck, some shoulder elevation, diaphragm movement, may eat w/ adaptive sling (otherwise dependent,) mouth, chin, should control EWC |
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Term
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Definition
| full head/neck control, shoulder strength, elbow flexion, get dress w assistance, max assist w/ elimination, electric or modified manual WC, transfer assist |
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Term
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Definition
| fully innervated shoulder, independent or min assist, I in transfers and WC |
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Term
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Definition
| full elbow extension, wrist plantar flexion, some finger control, independent, manual WC |
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Term
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Definition
| full hand and finger control, use of intercostal and thoracic muscles, independent, manual WC |
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Term
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Definition
| abd muscle control, partial to good balance with trunk muscles, independent, manual WC |
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Term
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Definition
| hip flexors, hip abductors (L1-3,) knee extension (L2-4,) knee flexion/ankle dorsiflexion(L4-5,) independent, short distance to full ambulation with assistance |
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Term
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Definition
| full leg, foot, ankle control, innervation of perineal muscles for B, B, and sexual fx (S2-4,) independent, normal to impaired B&B fx, ambulate independently with or w/o assistance |
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Term
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Definition
Not enough ATP production
Loss of ion homeostasis
Release of excitatory amino acids
Free radical formation
Cell death |
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Term
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Definition
30 sec: neuro metab. Altered
2 min: metabolism stops
5 min: cellular death |
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Term
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Definition
Amaurosis fugax: temp. loss of vision in one eye
Transient hemiparesis: temp. loss of motor fx on one side
Sudden inability to speak |
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Term
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Definition
o Tinnitus
o Vertigo
o Darkened or blurred vision, or complete (temp.) vision loss
o Diplopia
o Ptosis
o Dysarthria
o Dysphagia
o Ataxia
o Unilateral or bilateral numbness or weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| o Mobility, resp. fx, swallowing and speech, gag, self-care, akinesia, flaccidity, spasticity, loss of skilled voluntary movement, dec. integration of movement, alterations in muscle tone and reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal lobe, short phrases, great effort, awareness, frustration |
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Term
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Definition
| temporal lobe, long sentences w/o meaning, make up words, don’t realize people don’t understand |
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Term
| Left brain intellect issues |
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Definition
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Term
| Right brain intellect issues |
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Definition
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Term
| spatial-perceptual alterations |
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Definition
o Incorrect perceptions, ie deny illness (parietal lobe)
o Erroneous perception of self in space (neglect affected side)
o Inability to recognize object by sight, touch, or hearing (agnosia) (right side)
o Inability to carry out learned sequential movements on command (apraxia) |
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Term
| initial stroke assessment |
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Definition
Dec. LOC, Motor, Speech/visual issues, Severe HA, Tachycardia/bradycardia (cbf), Resp. distress, Unequal pupils, HTN (trying to perfuse brain)
• Facial droop
• Dysphagia
• Seizures
• IncN/V
• Vertigo |
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Term
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Definition
thrombotic
embolitic
lacunar |
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Term
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Definition
o Most do not have decreased LOC in first 24 hours
o May progress in first 72 hours
o Usually during or after sleep (BP low)
o Serial CT scans |
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Term
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Definition
blood clot, fat emboli, air emboli
o Sudden onset; may or may not be r/t activity
o Pt. usually conscious, may have HA
o Recurrence is common |
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Term
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Definition
| small blood clots, smaller branch of smaller artery |
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Term
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Definition
| intracerebral and subarachnoid |
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Term
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Definition
o Bleeding w/in brain caused by rupture of vessel
o HTN common cause
o Onset during periods of activity (BP higher)
o Sudden onset
o Coma = fatality
o S/S: neuro deficits, HA, n/v, dec. LOC, HTN, slurred speech
o Bad signs: seizures, fixed pupils, abnormal postures, pons damage |
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Term
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Definition
(between arachnoid and pia mater)
o Usually caused by ruptured cerebral aneurysm (saccular or berry aneurysm, varies)
o ICU 2 weeks, vasospasms 6-10 days after bleed
o Most are in circle of Willis
o May or may not lose consciousness
o “Worst HA of life” |
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Term
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Definition
o Treatment
Clipping (no future MRIs)
Coiling
Surgical resection of arteriovenous malformation
Phenylephrine or dopamine, hypervolemic
Nimodipine (Nimotop) before surgery (Ca channel blocker)
• Decreases vasospasm
• Min. cerebral damage
• Hold if pulse less than 60 or SBP under 90, call MD |
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