Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Exam Two
Ch.6,7,9,10
270
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
10/05/2014

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Fundamental triplet code necessary for protein synthesis. Basic compounds produced are amino acids
Definition
Codons
Term
Composed of double stranded DNA containing threadlike sections of genes, most commonly found in the cell nucleus.
Definition
Chromosomes
Term
Chromosomes other than a sex chromosome
Definition
Autosomes
Term
X and Y. Each human has 2 of these. Genetic determinants of the sex of an individual
Definition
Sex chromosomes
Term
Cells containing only one of the chromosome pairs
Definition
Haploid
Term
The number of chromosomes a human body cell contains. 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46.
Definition
Diploid
Term
Genetic makeup of an individual
Definition
Genotype
Term
Genetic traits that are apparent or observable
Definition
Phenotype
Term
Different alleles on a chromosome
Definition
Heterozygous
Term
Identical alleles on each chromosome
Definition
Homozygous
Term
The evidence of the gene in the phenotype
Definition
Expressivity
Term
Ability of a gene to express a mutation
Definition
Penetrance
Term

Name the chromosomal alteration:

 

Occurs when a large segment of DNA breaks from one chromosome and reattaches to a different chromsome; often occuring during meiosis

Definition
Translocation
Term

Name the chromosomal alteration:

 

Addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

Definition
Insertion
Term

Name the chromosomal alteration:

 

Consists of a piece of DNA that is abnormally copied one or more times

Definition
Duplication
Term

Name the chromosomal alteration:

 

A chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. Occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself

Definition
Inversion
Term

Name the chromosomal alteration:

 

Mutation in which a part of a chromosome or sequence of DNA is missing

Definition
Deletion
Term
A picture of arranged, paired, like chromosomes in order of largest to smallest
Definition
Karyotype
Term
When chromosomes fail to seperate
Definition
Chromosomal nondisjunction
Term
The generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor cells (parent cells)
Definition
Proliferation
Term
Refers to the orderly process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function
Definition
Differentiation
Term
Genes that code for proteins involved in cell growth or regulation
Definition
Oncogene
Term
Genes that prohibit overproliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis
Definition
Tumor suppressor genes
Term
Refers to the loss fo cell differentiation and therefore the loss of cell function
Definition
Anaplasia
Term
When does DNA replication occur?
Definition
Before cellular reproduction. The two DNA strands separate from the helix and each forms new strands made up of matching base pairs to each original strand. One forms the template for transcription, the other is the complement. Result is 4 strands.
Term
DNA to RNA is what process?
Definition
Transcription
Term
RNA to proteins is what process?
Definition
Translation
Term

Protein Synthesis:

 

This reads the series of nucleotide bases and transcribes them into complementary RNA nucleotide bases

Definition
mRNA
Term

Protein Synthesis:

 

The nucleotide bases that make up each codon are translated by the _____ complementing those that are transcribed by the mRNA

Definition
tRNA
Term

Protein Synthesis:

 

The ___ moves the nucleotide triplet out fo the nucleous to the ribosomes where each triplet is made into the corresponding amino acid. Amino acids combine to form polypeptide chains which combine to form large proteins

Definition
tRNA
Term
_____ forms of genes are more likely to be expressed in a person
Definition
Dominant
Term
_______ genes are less influential, requiring homozygous alleles to be expressed
Definition
Recessive
Term
Inheritance of single gene traits follows a _____ _____ of predictable trait transmission based on autosomal dominant or recessive genotypes
Definition
Mendalian Pattern
Term
When must mutations occur to be inheritable?
Definition
During meiosis
Term
These mutations occur during mitosis and are not inheritable?
Definition
Somatic Mutations
Term
Genes located in autosomes are known as what?
Definition
Autosomes
Term
Genes located in X chromosomes are what kind of genes?
Definition
X linked
Term
These mutations are more likely to be expressed. They require only one copy for expression
Definition
Dominant Mutations
Term
These mutations are less likely to be expressed. These require homozygous alleles for expression.
Definition
Recessive Mutations
Term
Daughters and sons are equally affected. Carriers do not exhibit the disease phenotype and have one recessive and one normal allele
Definition
Recessive Mutations
Term
Daughters and sons are equally affected. There is no carrier state
Definition
Dominant Mutations
Term
Sons are more frequently affected than daughters. Only females have the carrier state
Definition
X-linked recessive mutation
Term
Daughters are more frequently affected than sons
Definition
X linked dominant mutation
Term
What are point mutations?
Definition
Changes in DNA sequence. These include: base substitution, insertion, and deletion.
Term
What causes chromosmal rearrangement?
Definition

Nondisjunction (failure to separate), Mosaicism (refers to the combination of cells with regular chromosome # and those with altered #, more affected if it happens earlier)

 

Monosomy: occurs when nondisjunction results in cells with one copy of chromosome instead of 2.

Trisomy: presence of 3 copies of a chromosome.

Translocation: when segment of DNA breaks from one chromosome and attaches to another during meiosis 

Term
Although most genes are found in the cell nucleus, several dozen genes can be found in the ___________
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Most mitochondrial genes are passed through ____. The functions of these genes are often related to ___ ____.
Definition
Ova (maternal gametes) Often related to energy production.
Term
When are manifestations of mitochondrial gene disorders displayed?
Definition
Displayed when the mutant mitochondria reach a critical level or threshold
Term
What are some clinical manifestations of mitochondrial gene disorders?
Definition
They vary because of heteroplasmic features of these disorders. Some may include: hypotonia, spasticity, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, ataxia, vision/hearing loss.
Term
This is related to mitochondrial gene disorders; refers to the random distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells during embryonic cell division leading to variable distribution of mutant mitochondrial genes in tissues of an individual & between related individuals.
Definition
Heteroplasmy
Term
What are most affected in mitochondrial gene disorders?
Definition
Muscles and Neurons
Term
Down Syndrome is also known as what?
Definition
Trisomy 21
Term
What is one of the most common genetic birth defects?
Definition
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Term
What are the 3 ways in which Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) can occur?
Definition

- Fertilization of a gamete with 2 copies of chromosome 21

- Nondisjunction during cell division 

- Translocation

Term
If the error in cell division occurs after fertilization, what kind of Down syndrome may the child develop?
Definition
Mosaic Down Syndrome
Term
What is the only inheritable form of trisomy?
Definition
Balanced translocation
Term
Risk of trisomy as a result of nondisjunction increases with what?
Definition
Age
Term

The following clinical manifestations are associated with what syndrome?

 

Upward slanting eyes (epicanthial fold), dysplastic ears, hypotonia, protruding tongue, wide gap between toes, easy airway collapse, short broad hands (simean crease) congenital heart defects, mega colon, acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Definition
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Term
Screening for Down Syndrome in the 1st Trimester can be done by what test?
Definition
Nuchal Translucency (NT) - looking for increased thickness.
Term
What is a diagnostic test for Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)?
Definition

Chorionic villus sampling

Amniocentesis to grow fetal cells in culture, evaluate fetal karyotype and determine presence of abnormalities. (During 2nd trimester)

Term
What is the most common fetal monosomy?
Definition
Turner's Syndrome
Term
This occurs in females when the chromosome number is altered. Resulting from the loss of all or part of the sex chromosome X.
Definition
Turner's Syndrome (monosomy)
Term
How can Turner's present genotypcially?
Definition

50% true monosomy (only one X)

10% have structural abnormality of the X chromosome

Remaining = one or more additional cell lines or mosaic karyotype

Term
How does Turner's syndrome occur during meiosis or later?
Definition
Nondisjunction of X chromosome; Or nondisjunction during early mitotic division (mosaic)
Term
How is Turner's diagnosed?
Definition
Karyotyping and physical findings. Can be done during amniocentisis during pregnancy
Term

The following clinical manifestations are evidence of what syndrome?

Short stature, short webbed neck, low hairline, lymphatic obstructions, narrowing of aorta and other arteries, congenital heart defects, scoliosis, estrogen deficiency, poor breast development, infertility, osteoporosis, frequent ear infections, hypothyrodism

Definition
Turner's Syndrome
Term
What disease focus is related to alteration in chromosome number (autosome)?
Definition
Down Syndrome
Term
What disease focus is related to alteration in chromosome number (sex chromosome)?
Definition
Turner Syndrome
Term
What disease focus is an autosomal dominant disorder?
Definition
Huntington's disease
Term
What disease focus is an autosomal recessive disorder?
Definition
Sickle Cell Anemia
Term
Alteration in chromosome number; incorrect # of chromosomes
Definition
Aneuploidy
Term
Neurologic disorder caused by degeneration of the basal ganglia and cortical regions of the brain
Definition
Huntington's Disease
Term
If a parent has Huntington's Disease, what is their chance of passing this on to their children?
Definition
50% for each child.
Term
_____ ______ is a progressive, autosomal dominant disorder caused by a defect in the _____ _____ on chromosome ___.
Definition
Huntington's Disease; Huntingtin Gene, 4
Term
Aneuploidy is caused by what mechanism?
Definition
Nondisjunction
Term
In huntington's the gene defect results in a triplet ___ ____ ____ expansion mutation. Increased # of mutations is associated with what? The genetic mutation generates a code for what?
Definition
Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine (CAG). Associated with earlier clincial manifestation of disease. Generates code for abnormal huntingtin protein which accumulates to toxic levels destroying nerve cells and causing atrophy of the brain.
Term

The following clinical manifestations are associated with what disease?

 

Involuntary mvmts, cognitive impairment, emotional disturbance, personality changes, loss of memory, antisocial, impulsive behaviors, restlessness, fidget like activity, dyskinesia, intellectual deterioration, delusions, paranoia

Definition
Huntington's Disease
Term
How is HD diagnosed?
Definition
Family History and Physical Exam. Genetic testing. CT, MRI, PET scans can assess brain anomalies.
Term
The following are associated with what disease?
Definition
Shrinkage of basal ganglia, caudate nuclei/putamen, and enlargement of the ventricles of the brain
Term
A disease that affects RBC's in which HbA in the RBC's is replaced by HbS.
Definition
Sickle Cell Anemia
Term
What is the defective hemoglobin associated with Sickle Cell Anemia?
Definition
HbS
Term
Sickle cell Anemia is the result of what?
Definition
A single gene mutation; it is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide substitution occurs. Valine is substituted for Glutamine. (change from glutamine to valine)
Term
In sickle cell anemia, what gene is involved and what chromosome?
Definition
bS gene (beta-globin) on chromosome 11
Term
What changes occur in sickle cell anemia that are induced by the HbS?
Definition

RBC's distorted into sickle shape.

These cause damage to endothelial cells that line blood vessels. 

Trapping of RBC's in spleen causes hemolysis and anemia.

Difficulty in passage of small BV's resulting in decreased O2. 

Pain related to ischemia can result in necrosis or organ failure if untreated.

Term
What conditions can lead to sickle cell crisis (increase in Hbs)?
Definition
Infection, hypoxia
Term
What are the clinical manifestations of sickle cell crisis?
Definition
Jaundice and Anemia, ischemic pain, stroke and priapism can result.
Term
What is the second leading cause of death in US? First?
Definition
Cancer is second; heart disease is first
Term
What are general characterstics of cancer cells?
Definition

Neoplastic - irreversible cellular development

Not under the control of genes; grow uninhibited

Do not resemble normal cells  = Loss of differentation/loss of function (anaplastic)

Secretion of growth factor, secretion of enzymes to degrade surrounding tissue, cell membrane alteration (change in surface antigens).

Loss of cell adhesion, loss of contact inhibition

 

Term
What does cell adhesion refer to?
Definition
Cells adhere to a surface. Loss of this with cancer cells. Cancer cells will grow everywhere and grow within a suspension
Term
What does contact inhibition refer to?
Definition
How normal cells stop growing when they reach a boundary. Cancerous cells do not; they will continue to grow and pile on top of one another.
Term
What does the secretion of growth factor by cancer cells promote?
Definition
Increased energy expenditure; increased angiogenesis
Term
What does the secretion of enzymes to degrade surrounding tissues by cancer promote?
Definition
Inflammation; facilitation of tumor spread
Term
How does the cell membrane alteration in cancer cells present?
Definition
Change in surface antigens; presentation of tumor markers on MHC 1 complex
Term
This is the first irreversible change in DNA
Definition
Initiation
Term
This is the repeated exposure to carcinogens or adverse environment
Definition
Promotion
Term
What are the 2 important gene groups that control cell growth and development?
Definition

Proto-oncogenes

Tumor Supressor Genes

Term
What are mutant proto-oncogenes known as? (dominant or recessive?)
Definition
Oncogenes; these are a dominant mutation and require only one dose of mutant gene to be expressed. Leads to uncontrolled cellular growth & proliferation.
Term
Loss of tumor supressor genes; dominant or recessive?
Definition
Recessive mutation on tumor suppresor genes, therefore must have 2 mutant genes to be expressed. Leads to loss of inhibition on proliferation = uncontrolled cellular proliferation
Term
Cancer cells are what origin?
Definition
Monoclonal Origin
Term
What kind of immune cells will increase with cancer cells?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells; these help with apoptosis
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 

Similar to surrounding tissues

Definition
Benign
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Anaplastic - loss of cell differentiation and function
Definition
Malignant
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Relatively slow expanding mass, encapsulated
Definition
Benign
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Rapid, non-encapsulated (poorly defined boundary)
Definition
Malignant
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Localized
Definition
Benign
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Rapidly spreading to neighboring tissues and distant sites 
Definition
Malignant
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Surrounding tissues healthy
Definition
Benign
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Surrounding tissues ischemic and necrotic
Definition
Malignant
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Normal blood vessels
Definition
Benign
Term

Benign or Malignant?

 
Extensive blood vessels
Definition
Malignant
Term
Proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin
Definition
Local Spread
Term
Process of tumor cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs
Definition
Direct Extension. *Defining characterstic of malignancy
Term
Form of direct extension in which neoplastic proliferation occurs within peritoneal and pleural cavities surrounding the affected tissue or organ
Definition
Seeding
Term
Occur when neoplasms are spread to distant sites often by way of the lymphatics or blood vessels
Definition
Metastases
Term
What are the two ways in which neoplasms can metastasize?
Definition
Through blood vessels or lymphatics
Term
Describe the mechanism of mvmt of neoplasms to distant sites in 4 steps. *BGLE
Definition

1. Breaking through the basement membrane (if present) and extracellular matrix

2. Gaining access to & circulating within the blood vessels or lymph system

3. Leaving the blood vessels or lymph system and adhering to distant tissues

4. Establishing a new nutrient network @ distant tissues through angiogenesis.

Term
Tumors can access distant sites most readily through what?
Definition
Lymphatic system; lymphatic capillaries and venules are thinner than blood and other lymphatic vessels which make them less resistant to invasion by neoplasms
Term
The affinity of a primary tumor to a specific distant site
Definition
Tropism
Term
What are some factors that promote preferential relocation?
Definition

1. Favorable environment offered by the new tissue or organ

2. Adherence molecule compatibility between the neoplasm and the new tissue or organ

3. The location of the organ in relation to the path of blood flow.

Term

Nomenclature:

 

Tumor location/cell of origin (prefix) + the suffix "oma"

Definition
Benign
Term

Nomenclature:

 

Tumor location/cell of origin (prefix) + suffix "carcinoma"

Definition
Epithelial Tissue Malignancy
Term

Nomenclature:

 

Tumor location/cell of origin (prefix) + the suffix "sarcoma"

Definition
Connective Tissue Malignancy
Term

The following are what?

 

Lymphoma, melanoma, leukemia, hepatoma

Definition
Exceptions to the naming rules.
Term
Term used to describe carcinomas confined to the epithelium that have not yet penetrated the basement membrane. Severe dysplasia. During this time the tumor is often asymptomatic.
Definition
Carcinoma in situ
Term
Process of classifying the extent or spread of neoplasms and refers to the tumor size, location, lymph node involvement, and spread
Definition
Staging
Term
The higher the number of staging, the _______ ______ the tumor size and spread.
Definition
more extensive
Term
The TNM classification system is frequently used to stage tumors. What does TNM stand for?
Definition

T = tumor size (presence and size of primary tumor)

N = node (lymph) involvement

M = metastases; indicates the extent

Term
Process of differentiating the level of anaplasia depicted by the tumor.
Definition
Grading
Term
How are tumors graded?
Definition

I-IV

I = well differentiated

IV = highly undifferentiated (anaplasia)

Term

Grading of Tumors:

 

These resemble the tissue of origin in terms of size, shape, structure, and mitotic activity

Definition
I or II
Term

Grading of Tumors:

 

These demonstrate little resemblance to the tissue of origin

Definition
III or IV
Term

TNM Classification System:

 

TX, NX, MX

Definition

TX = primary tumor cannot be evaluated

NX = regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated

MX = distant metastasis cannot be evaluated

Term

 TNM Classification System:

 

T0, N0, M0

Definition

T0 = No evidence of primary tumor

N0 = No regional lymph node involvement (no cancer in lymph nodes)

M0 = No distant metastasis (no cancer spread to other parts of the body)

 

Term

TNM Classification System:

 

Tis

Definition
Carcinoma in situ (early cancer that has not spread to neighboring tissue)
Term

TNM Classification System:

 

T1, T2, T3, T4

 

N1, N2, N3

 

M1

Definition

T.. = size or extent of the primary tumor

 

N.. = involvement of regional lymph nodes

 

M.. = distant metastasis 

Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Pain

Definition

Local; direct pressure on sensory nerves, inflammation, tissue ischemia

 

Ex. headache due to brain tumors

Bone pain due to bone marrow crowding from blood cell cancers

Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Tissue Destruction

Definition

Local.

 

Due to necrosis, ulceration, bleeding. Can be complicated with infections

Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Obstruction

Definition

Local. Tumor mass compressing ducts, tubes, and passage ways

 

Ex. Lymphadema, intestinal obstruction, airway obstruction

Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Lymphadenopathy

Definition
Systemic; many immune cells are being created to fight cancer. Usually non tender
Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Fever

Definition
Systemic; pyrogen release from tumor cells. Host defense inflammatory process
Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Anorexia

Definition

Systemic.

 

From inflammatory response

Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Weight Loss/Cachexia

Definition

Anorexia due to cytokine relase from tumor cells (make us not want to eat)

Early satiety

Inaccessibility of lipid energy source in the body by tumor cells

High energy demand by tumor cells

Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Anemia

Definition
Systemic; due to anorexia, decreased food intake, chronic bleeding
Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Extreme fatigue

Definition
Systemic
Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Bleeding

Definition
Systemic; due to tissue damage by cancer cells
Term

Local or Systemic Manifestation of Cancer? What causes it to occur?

 

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Definition

Associated with certain tumors. Release of substances by the tumor cells that cause neurologic, hematologic, hormonal, and chemical disturbances in the body.

 

ex. SIADH (small cell carcinoma), cushing disease, hypercalcemia

Term
The golden standard of diagnosis for cancer is what?
Definition
Biopsy
Term
What is the leading cause of death among children?
Definition
Cancer
Term
What is the most prevelant cancer in childhood?
Definition
Leukemia
Term
Where does pediatric cancer originate as compared to adults?
Definition

Pediatric - mesodermal germ layer (very primative cells) Develops into blood, bone, lymphatics, CT, kidneys

 

Adults - epithelial cells (tissues and solid organs)

Term
What kind of causes do pediatric cancers typically have?
Definition
Inherited or developmental cause; children have not had much exposure to environmental carcinogens, less risky health behaviors (ex. smoking)
Term
What is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world?
Definition
Lung carcinomas
Term
What is the main cause of lung cancer?
Definition
Smoking
Term

What major type of lung cancer is the following?

 

Includes large cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma. Smoking is the single most important risk factor.

Definition
Non small cell carcinoma
Term

What major type of lung cancer is the following?

 

Tumor arising from neuroendocrine cells in the lungs. Often found in smokers. SIADH associated. Highly malignant and metastatic.

Definition
Small cell carcinoma
Term
Where is small cell carcinoma most likely to metastisize to?
Definition
Brain, liver, bones
Term

What are these clinical manifestations symptomatic of?

 

Chronic cough, bloody sputum, pain, SOB, low O2 sats, chest pain

Definition
Lung Cancer
Term
Malignant neoplasms of the blood and blood forming organs
Definition
Leukemias
Term
What is the most common cancer in children?
Definition
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Term
What chromosome is involved in chronic myleogenous leukemia
Definition
Philadelphia chromosome (95%)
Term
What is the philadelphia chromosome?
Definition
Translocation of chromosome 9 and 22 which activates oncogenes. Found Chronic Myleogenous Leukemia (CML)
Term
What kind of cells replaced normal cells in leukemias?
Definition
Blast cells - immature leukocytes.
Term
What are the 4 main types of leukemias?
Definition

1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia

2. Acute myleogenous leukemia

3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

4. Chronic myleogenous leukemia

Term
If malignancy occurs in immature cells, the leukemia is _____. If it occurs in differentiated cells the leukemia is ____.
Definition
Acute; Chronic
Term
What two types of leukemia is the philadelphia chromosome found in?
Definition

ALL - 25%

CML - 95%

Term
CLL can be caused by what virus?
Definition
EBV (mono virus)
Term
AML affects mainly _____. Prognosis is _______.
Definition
Adults; poor
Term
What is the gene that the philadelphia chromosome is associated with?
Definition
BCR-ABL (dominant - oncogene)
Term
Malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissue often characterized by the painless, progressive enlargement of cervial lymph nodes. Usually starts on one side.
Definition
Hodkins Lymphoma
Term
Hodgkins lymphoma affects ____ populations whereas non-hodgkins lymphoma affects ____ populations.
Definition
Younger; Older
Term
What is the hallmark of Hodgkins lymphoma?
Definition
Reed-Sternberg Cells (Owl's Eye)
Term
Binucleated giant cell (macrophage)
Definition
Reed Sternberg cell. Hallmark of Hodgkins Lymphoma
Term

Staging of Hodgkins Lymphoma:

 

1 node involvement

Definition
Stage 1
Term

Staging of Hodgkins Lymphoma:

 
2 or more nodes involved; same side of the body and above diagphram
Definition
stage 2
Term

Staging of Hodgkins Lymphoma:

 
both side of diaphragm; same side of body
Definition
stage 3
Term

Staging of Hodgkins Lymphoma:

 
Anywhere in the body. Solid organ involvement
Definition
Stage 4
Term
Reed sternberg cells are present and EBV is a risk factor for what cancers?
Definition

Hodgkins lymphoma

CLL (EBV)

Term
What are reed sternberg cells derived from?
Definition
B lymphocytes
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Glial cells

Definition
supporting cells in the CNS
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Oligodendrocytes

Definition
Provide mylenation in the CNS (in the brain). Promote the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Astrocytes

Definition
Provide nutrition, oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolites between vessels and neurons. Stimulate phagocytosis. Provide support to neural structures. CNS
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Ependymal Cells

Definition
Line the ventricular system CNS
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Schwann Cells

Definition
Stimulate myelin production and maintenance; PNS
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Satallite Cells

Definition
Provide physical support of neurons; PNS
Term

Identify the function of the supporting cell. CNS/PNS?

 

Microglia

Definition
Control phagocytosis in injured cells CNS
Term

Name the cell type and the system:

 

Control the myelin production and maintenance.

 

Definition
Oligodendrocytes; CNS
Term

Name the cell type and the system:

 
Provide nutrition, O2, Co2, stimulate phagocytosis
Definition
Astrocytes; CNS
Term

Name the cell type and the system:

 
Control phagocytosis of injured or damaged cells
Definition
Microglia; CNS
Term

Name the cell type and the system:

 
Line the ventricular system
Definition
Ependymal Cells; CNS
Term

Name the cell type and the system:

 
Produce myelin. Involved in production and maintainence
Definition
Schwann cells PNS
Term

Name the cell type and the system:

 
Provide physical support of neurons
Definition
Satallite cells; pns
Term
What comprises the CNS?
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Definition
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Term
Sensory neurons are also known as what? Where do they carry impulses?
Definition
Afferent Neurons; carry impulses from receptors in the periphery to the brain and spinal cord in CNS
Term
Motor Neurons are also known was what? Where do they carry impulses?
Definition
Efferent Neurons; Carry signals away from brain and spinal cord to targets in the body that regulate activity.
Term
What is the most abundant neuron type?
Definition
Interneurons. These provide connections between neurons & transmit signals between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons.
Term
In the spinal cord and brain, white matter is composed of mainly what? Gray matter?
Definition

White = myelinated axon fibers

Gray = cell bodies

Term
This contains ascending sensory neurons (carrying messages from periphery to CNS) & descending upper motor neurons (from brain to spinal cord) and lower motor neurons (from spinal cord to peripheral tissues)
Definition
White matter (spinal cord)
Term
This contains the ventral horn (containing lower motor neurons and axons leaving via ventral root) and dorsal horn (containing sensory neurons and axons entering from dorsal root)
Definition
Gray matter (spinal cord)
Term

What type of motor neurons?

 

Originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain. Carry info down to the other motor neurons.

Definition
Upper
Term

What type of motor neurons?

 
Neurons located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and anterior nerve roots or cranial nerve of the brainstem or cranial nerves with motor function
Definition
Lower motor neurons
Term
Interneurons connect ____ with ______
Definition
Upper motor neurons with lower motor neurons
Term

Injury to what neurons can result in the following?

 

Can arise as result of a stroke, MS, or other acquired brain injury. Muscle weakness, decreased motor control, loss of fine mvmt, spasicity, Babinski sign

Definition
Upper Motor Neurons
Term

Injury to what neurons can result in the following?

 

Flaccid paralysis

Definition
Lower motor neurons
Term
All voluntary mvmt relies on what neurons?
Definition
Lower motor neurons
Term
What are the nervous system responses to injury?
Definition
Degeneration of axons, demyelination, and neuropathy
Term
What are the 3 mechanisms of injury to the CNS? (brain and spinal cord)
Definition

1. Traumatic Injury

2. Ischemic Injury

3. Excitotoxic (Excitatory response/pressure)

Term
Auto accidents, falls, sports related accidents, shaken baby syndrome all result in what type of injury?
Definition
Traumatic Brain Injury
Term
Force of the acceleration impact causes injury to the tissue in the local area. This is known as what? The deceleration impact leads to injury on the opposite side of the skull known as what?
Definition
Coup; countercoup
Term
This type of injury may lead to seizure activity, concussion, contusion, hematoma, edema, or skull fracture. ICP, resp depression or failure, herniation of brainstem may occur
Definition
TBI
Term
Distinguish between primary and secondary injuries as related to TBI
Definition

Primary: what actually caused by axonal trauma due to the injury in the first place ex. blunt force trauma

 

Secondary: Body's response to the trauma. ex. inflammation, edema, vascular changes, etc.

Term
These injuries are due to fractures, contusions, or compression of the vertebral column. May also stem from trauma to the head or neck.
Definition
Spinal cord injuries
Term
Spinal cord injuries occur most often where?
Definition

Where the spine is most flexible

 

C5-7; T 12; L1

Term
Injury to the spinal cord often extends how far?
Definition
2 segments above and below site of damage.
Term
When neural tissue is damaged, what is it replaced with?
Definition
Connective Tissue
Term
How are TBI's treated?
Definition
directed towards specific injury. Surgery, reduction of ICP, pain control, anticonvulsant meds, respiratory support, antibiotics to prevent or treat infection.
Term
How are spinal cord injuries treated?
Definition
Spinal immobilization, corticosteroids (to lessen inflammation), traction, casting, surgery
Term
This type of injury occurs in the CNS when there is an inadequte perfusion to neurologic tissue, resulting in impaired oxygenation
Definition
Ischemic
Term
What are some treatments for ischemic injury?
Definition
Management of ICP, insertion of a stent to restore perfusion, thrombolytic therapy to dissolve clot, anticoagulation therapy to prevent future clot development
Term

Local or Global?

 

Thrombosis in a vessel, Embolism from a thrombus originating in a distant site, or a small hemorrhage

Definition
Local Ischemic Injury
Term

Local or Global?

 

Inadequate blood supply to meet the needs of the brain tissue. Ex. hypoxia during code, profound hemorrhage

Definition
Global Ischemic Injury
Term
Injury to brain neurons may result from the effects of neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Neurons that are easily depolarized may cause altered transmission of signals.
Definition
Excitation Injury
Term
This type of injury may result from the inability to meet the metabolic demands of the cells.
Definition
Excitotoxic Injury
Term
Decerebrate and decorticate posturing is seen with what type of injury?
Definition
Excitotoxic brain injury
Term
This posturing includes flexed arms, internally rotated knees, and flexed feet
Definition
Decorticate posturing
Term
This posturing includes extended arms, flexed wrists, flexed feet, clenched jaw
Definition
Decerebrate posturing
Term
What is the main excitatory transmitter in the body?
Definition
Glutamate
Term
When injuries occur in brain, how do they manifest?
Definition
On the opposite side of the body
Term
These types of injuries occur from increased CSF volume, cerebral edema, and space occupying lesions.
Definition
CNS pressure injuries
Term
What causes increased CSF?
Definition
increased production or decreased absorption of CSF
Term
What two factors can reduce to accomodate ICP according to monro kellie doctrine?
Definition
Venous blood and CSF
Term
PNS: Somatic Nervous system is under what control?
Definition
Voluntary control. Ex coordination of body mvmt, reception of external stimuli,
Term
PNS Autonomic nervous system includes what?
Definition

Sympathetic "fight or flight" 'scared'

Parasympathetic 

 

Controls involuntary functions of organs.

Term
Spinal nerves carry information to and from particular body regions known as what?
Definition
Dermatomes
Term
When degeneration of the axon is caused by a crushing injury; known as what?
Definition
Wallerian Degeneration
Term
This occurs when the injury affects cells in distal areas of the body. Is regeneration possible?
Definition
Distal axonopathy; yes if the cell body and proximal axons are not damaged
Term
When axonal degeneration occurs because of damage to the cell body, this is known as what? Is regeneration possible?
Definition
Neuropathy; greatly reduced
Term
Clinical manifestations of damage to peripheral nerves are called what?
Definition
Peripheral Neuropathy
Term
What is the pyramidal motor system?
Definition

Upper motor neurons.

 

Contains the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts.

*Lateral controls fine motor mvmt. of limbs and crosses at medulla

** Ventral controls proximal muscles (chest, abs) DOES NOT CROSS.

Term
What does the extra pyramidal do?
Definition

Modulation of motor function in UMN's

Reduces erratic motions. Maintains muscle tone and stablity of the trunk. Association with the basal ganglia.

Term
The blood pathway in the brain in the CNS
Definition
Circle of Willis
Term
When BBB becomes leaky with inflammation, _____ migrate into brain/spinal cord. Not normally found in CSF
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
What fills in dead space in brain when damage occurs?
Definition
Astrocytes activated and make glial glue to fill in space. This leads to scar tissue formation.
Term
Secondary injuries in TBI occur due to what?
Definition
Axon stretching; cytoskeleton is disrupted
Term
What system is dominant in spinal cord injury? (@ or above t6)
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
An injury above mid brain is what type of posturing?
Definition
Decorticate (arms in towards core)
Term
An injury below mid brain is what type of posturing?
Definition
Decerebrate (arms relaxed)
Term
Is the CNS or PNS more prone to injury?
Definition
PNS
Term
Mononeuropathy v. polyneuropathy?
Definition

Mono - one nerve or nerve group damage

Poly - many different nerves damaged in the body

Term
Focal degeneration of the myelin sheath with sparing of the axon
Definition
Segmental demyelination
Term
Before any healing can take place in axonal degeneration, what must first take place?
Definition
Clearing of cellular debris by macrophages
Term
Disease of CNS neurons characterized by degeneration of myelin; progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting nerves in CNS and peripheral nervous system
Definition
MS
Term
If the right side of the spinal cord is injured; how will it affect body? What is this called?
Definition
Brown sequad; right will experience loss of voluntary motor control, left will experience loss of pain and temp.
Term
This can be ischemic or direct injury to the front of the spinal cord. How does this present? Name?
Definition
Anterior cord syndrome; Loss of motor power, pain, temp sensation. Still has vibration and sense of touch.
Term
In this pt. experiences loss of motor power and sensation in arms, incomplete loss in abdomen.
Definition
Central cord syndrome
Term
Knowing where things are without looking. Walking up stairs
Definition
proprioception
Term
What are the 3 sensory receptors?
Definition

Nociceptors - pain

Thermoreceptors - hot/cold

Mechanoreceptors  - tactile, pressure, proprioception, hearing

Term

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

 

Communicate from periphery to CNS (spinal cord)

 

ex. finger to spinal cord

Definition
1st
Term

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

 

Communicate between spinal cord and thalamus

 

Definition
2nd order
Term

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

 

Communicate from thalamus to cerebral cortex

Definition
3rd order
Term
The higher the order of neurons, the more/less they have?
Definition
More
Term
These fibers are large, mylinated, and fast.
Definition
A fibers
Term

Name the A fiber (large, mylentaed, and fast)

 

proprioception

Definition
A alpha
Term

Name the A fiber (large, mylentaed, and fast)

 

touch

Definition
A beta
Term

Name the A fiber (large, mylentaed, and fast)

 

fast pain, well localized

Definition
A gamma
Term

What type of fiber are the following?

 

small, unmylinated, slow conduction

Definition

C fibers

 

Dull, achy pain

Term
What are the 2 sensory pathways?
Definition

Discriminative (light touch, pressure, vibration) ** CROSSES AT MEDULLA

 

Anterolateral (anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts) pain and temperature & crude touch.  

Term
What is the gate control system? Stimulation of what fibers "close the gate"?
Definition

Substantia geletanosia. Large type A beta and alpha fibers

 

 

Supporting users have an ad free experience!