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| The relationship between variables |
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| A measure of the relationship between variables |
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| A figure in which the individual data points are plotted in 2-dimensional space |
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| Variable from which a prediction is made |
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| The predictor variable is represented on what axis? |
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| The criterion variable is represented on what axis? |
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| Correlation Coefficients range from what numbers? |
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| When the points cluster very closely together, what line can be drawn? |
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| If there is no relationship between the variables, what is the correlation coefficient? |
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| If the points cluster close to a line of best fit that has a postive slope, what is the correlation? |
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| If the points cluster close to a line of best fit that has a negative slope, what is the correlation? |
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| The closer a correlation is to -1 or +1, is the relationship weak or strong? |
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| What does the sign of the correlation coefficient mean? |
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| The direction of the relationship |
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| What are the directions the relationship can go? |
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Positive; up
Negative; down
Zero; no movement |
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| Situation that is best represented by something other than a straight line |
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| Situation in which best-fitting line is straight |
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| If a relationship isn't curvilinear or linear, what is it? |
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Is the relationship weak, moderate, or strong?
0.00, -0.20 |
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Is the relationship weak, moderate, or strong?
-0.50, +0.6 |
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Is the relationship weak, moderate, or strong?
+0.85, -1.00 |
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| A statistic representing the degree to which two variables vary together |
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| If high scores on one variable tend to be paired with high scores on the other, the covariance will be _____ and _______ |
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| If high scores on one variable tend to be paired with low scores on the other, the covariance will be _____ and _______ |
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| If high scores on one variable tend to be paired equally with high and low scores on the other, the covariance will be ________ |
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In cases where the range over which X and Y varies is artificially limited, what occurs?
What aspect of "factors that affect the correlation" is this? |
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What are the 3 things that affect the correlation?
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Definition
Range restrictions
Nonlinearity of the relationship
Heterogenous subsamples |
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Restricting the range of X will increase r only when the restriction results in eliminating some curvilinear relationship.
What aspect of "factors that affect the correlation" is this? |
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Definition
| Nonlinearity of the relationship |
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Data in which the sample of observations could be subdivided into two distinct sets on the basis of some other variable.
What aspect of "factors that affect the correlation" is this? |
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| Does correlation imply causation? |
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| It has been shown that there is a positive relationship between watching TV and aggression and children. Watching TV does not cause children to be aggressive. What does this illustrate? |
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| Correlation does not imply causation |
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| What is correlation used mainly as? |
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| What is the regression also known as? |
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| Prediction of one variable from knowledge of one or more other variables |
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In regression:
What does b stand for? |
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Definition
| Slope of the regression line |
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In regression:
What does a stand for? |
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Definition
| the y axis intercept (when x=0) |
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| Coefficient of determination is denoted by what? |
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| Meaures the proportion of variance in one variable due to the relationship with the other variable |
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| Coefficient of determination |
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| A statistical test often used for analyzing categorical data |
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| Relationships between measurement variables are determined by what? |
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| A test for comparing the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies to see if there is a significant preference |
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| Chi squre goodness of fit |
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| What kind of graph would be good for showing a goodness of fit test? |
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| The number of persons in the sample who are classified in a particular category |
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| The frequency values predicted for a particular category |
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| Is there a statistical preference? Which test is this? |
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| Chi squre goodness of fit |
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| Is there a relationship? What test is this? |
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| Chi square test for independence |
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| Goal of test is to test whether there is a relationship between variables; data will often be presented in a contingency table |
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Definition
| Chi square test for independence |
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| A 2 dimensional table in which each observation is classified on the 2 variables simultaneously |
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| If the calculated value exceeds the critical value, is there a relationship? |
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| If the calculated value does not exceed the critical value, is there a relationship? |
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| Well designed statistical pictures should what? (4 things, 1 additional) |
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Definition
1. Title of the picture
2. What each of the axes, bars, pie segments denotes
3. The scale of each axis, including starting points
4. A source
*Data should clearly stand out from the background
**There should be as little chart junk as possible |
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| Useful when one categorical variable is measured. Demonstrates what percentage of the whole falls into each category. Good for the "goodness of fit" test |
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| Shows percentages or frequencies in various categories. Useful to represent 2 or more categorical variables. Good for the "test for independence" |
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| Similar to a bar graph except that it uses pictures related to the topic of the graph |
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| Graph that makes it easy to see upward/downward trends |
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| Often used in correlation studies. Displays the relationshio between 2 measurement variables. Each mark represents someone's score. Helps us to determine the strength of the relationship between 2 variables. |
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| Common problems in plots, graphs, and pictures |
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Definition
1. No labeling on one or more axes
2. Not starting at 0 as a way to exaggerate trends
3. Changes in labeling on one or more axes "slinky"
4. Misleading units of measurement
5. Using poor information |
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| As soon as you are presented with 2 variables, what kind of test is it? |
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