Term
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Definition
| Infants revise their schemas in light of new information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors, but dispositional for the identical behaviors of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A made- up period of development between biological and social adulthood. It is period of development that begins with sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of development that begins around 18 or 21 and ends at death. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty producing or comprehending language. |
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Term
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Definition
| infants apply their schemas in novel situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bowlby defines this; the emotional bond to the primary care-giver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferences about the causes of people's behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event. |
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Term
| Bottom up approach to studying intelligence |
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Definition
| Test specific abilities, look at the correlations, then define middle level abilities. Ex) Carroll's 8: memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability,cognitive speediness, processing speed, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Top to bottom rule; the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of development that begins at about 18- 24 months and lasts until adolescence (6- 11 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| Kelley's discussion on the causes of behaviors being dispositional or situational |
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Term
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Definition
| The emergence of the ability to understand the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to do what others do, simply because they are doing it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariable, despite changes in appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's 2nd stage of moral development in boys; morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which the action conforms to social rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to make a dispositional attribution, even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation-- the fundamental attribution error. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulse. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of continuity and change that occurs across the lifespan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group, then multiplying by 100 (used on adults). |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism of shifting unacceptable wishes to neutral or less threating alternatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms for the controlling of emotional expression; through intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing |
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Term
| Door in the face technique |
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Definition
| Strategy that used reciprocating concessions to influence behavior (big request followed by a smaller request) |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to understand that the world appears different to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the zygote implants itself; this period begins the 2nd week and lasts until the 8th. |
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Term
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Definition
| An observable sign of an emotion state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices in the context of the realties of life and death. |
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Term
| Facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| Emotional expression can cause the emotional experiences they signify |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a smaller number of underlying factors (Spearman- there is one thing "Intelligence") |
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Term
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Definition
| Children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy; increased risks of birth defects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which a person's pleasure seeking devices become psychologically stuck at a particular stage. |
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Term
| Foot in the door technique |
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Definition
| Strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence their behavior (small requests, then bigger requests) |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of a language, despite having normal intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Final pyschosexual stage; the coming together of the mature adult personality with the capacity to love, work, and relate to others in mutually satisfying and reciprocal ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two- week period that begins at conception; the division of cells and implanting on the wall of the uterus (about 1/2 aren't successful) |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of rules that specify how units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages. |
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Term
| Heritability Coefficient (H^2) |
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Definition
| A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between person's scores that can be explained by differences in genetic make-up (must be relative) |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in attitudes or beliefs that are brought about by appeals to habit or emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism enabling us to unconsciously take on the characteristics of another who seems more powerful or better able to cope. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person's behavior is influenced by another's because the latter provides information about what is true. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adopt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences. |
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Term
| Internal working model of attachment |
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Definition
| Set of expectations about how the primary care-giver will respond when the child feels insecure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system for communication with others, using signals that convey meaning and are combined using rules of grammar. |
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Term
| Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
| A collection of processes that facilitate learning a language |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th psychosexual stage; primary focus is on the development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. |
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Term
| Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Whorf proposes that language shapes the nature of thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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Definition
| A well- researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest meaningful units of language. |
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Term
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Definition
| How morphemes can be combined to form words (words are either content or functional) |
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Term
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Definition
| The emergence of the ability to execute physical actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of fatty sheath around the axons of the brain cells; begins but does not end at birth-- why the environment can influence us. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self and the tendency to seek admiration from and to exploit others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chomsky; language development is innate, biological capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all the relevant members of a household. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person's behavior is influenced by another's because the latter provides information about what is appropriate. |
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Term
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Definition
| customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects continue to exist, even when they are not visible (Infants lack this idea) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to learn by observing others being rewarded and punished. |
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Term
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Definition
| A child's conflicting feelings towards the opposite sex parent, usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| First of the pyschosexual stages, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's assumption about the likely consequences of future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| observers perceive what they expect to perceive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person's attitude or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd psychosexual stage, dominated by pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic- genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest unit of sound recognized as speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| How phonemes can be combined to form speech sounds |
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Term
| Piaget's "stages" during childhood |
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Definition
| Preoperational (2-6 years; egocentric, no theory of mind, no idea of conservation); concrete operational (6-11 years; develop theory of mind); formal operational (the ability to think abstractly) |
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Term
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Definition
| The Id operates on this; it is the psychological force that motivates us to seek immediate gratification on any impulse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's 3rd and final stage of moral development in boys; not everyone reaches this; the morality of an actoin is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's First stage of moral development in boys; the morality of an action is primarily determined by consequences of the action. |
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Term
| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily structures/ processes that are directly involved in reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person of normal intelligence with extraordinary ability |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism of attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, and impulses to another person or group |
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Term
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Definition
| A standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality |
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Term
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Definition
| The inside out rule; the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of bodily changes that are associated with sexual maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality is formed by the needs, strivings, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistic obtained by diving a person's mental age by their physical age, then multiplying by 100 (used in children) |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings or behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism of unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The defense mechanism of reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stages of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| A projective technique in which individual interpretation of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and to interpret his or her personality structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person of low intelligence with an extraordinary ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theories or models of how the world works |
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Term
| Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| Bodily structures that change dramatically during sexual maturity but aren't involved in reproduction |
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Term
| Self- Actualizing Tendency |
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Definition
| Human motive toward realizing our own inner potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swann- the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self- concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self. |
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Term
| Self- fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| phenomenon where observers bring about what they expect to perceive. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state. |
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Term
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Definition
| People's tendency to take credit for their successes and downplay their responsibilities for their failures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's first "stage"; Birth to 2 years; senses and motor development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those environmental factors tat are experienced bu all relevant members of a household. |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Approach |
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Definition
| Views personality in terms of how the person thinks about situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which people come to understand others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The control of one person's behavior by another person |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of others' categories. |
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Term
| Sternburg's 3 Kinds of Intelligence |
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Definition
| Analytic, Creative, and practical |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style; Ainsworth: secure, avoidant; ambivalent; disorganized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism of channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable/ culturally enhancing activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| How a sentence is worded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicate how words can be combined to form phrases/ sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in attitudes or beliefs that are brought about by appeals to reason. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech of about a 2 year old; speech devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that damage the process of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| CANOE- Conscientiousness, agreeableness, negative emotions (neuroticism), open to new experiences, extraversion |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of personality, developed through contact with the external world; it enables us to deal with life's practical demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most basic part of the mind; contains the drives; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses (especially sexual and aggressiveness) |
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Term
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Definition
| The Ego acts on this; regulating mechanisms that enable the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the world |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural roles, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority (contains rules, norms, want for social approval) |
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Term
| The person- situation controversy |
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Definition
| Mischel defines this as the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors. |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test |
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Definition
| Murray's projective technique in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world, through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation. Realism--> idealism. |
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Term
| Top down approach to studying intelligence |
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Definition
| Start with theories and find evidence to define middle level abilities. Ex) Gardner 8: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spacial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalistic |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined by Allport as a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way |
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Term
| Two factor theory of intelligence |
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Definition
| Thurston; every task requires a combination of general ability and skills that are specific to the task |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| An attitude of non- judgmental acceptance towards another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Darwin proposes that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everybody. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg |
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