Victims family or tribe took revenge on the offenders family or tribe 

European word for Lex Salia (Man Money) payment to the victim

Payment to the state

Possessions confiscated wife decleared a widow, excile, dead to society 

What is meant by free will, and how did the belief in free will affect the approach

taken to punishing offenders during the Middle Ages?

List early punishments which were carried out in public. What was the rationale for

carrying out public punishments?

Floggings, ducking stools, The brank Branding was done in public to act as a detterent to offending 

Workhouses used for petty offenders to use physical labour as a punishment 

What is the classical school of criminology? What were the contributions of

Beccaria and Bentham to the debate about punishment?

Classical School

The theory linking crime causation to punishment, based on offenders free will and hedonism.

The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to acheive the most pleasure and the least pain, and that individuals are constantly  calculating the pluses and minuses of their potential actions.

Punishment should match crime, Utiliterian approach banish capital punishment

Improved security and sanitation

Abolishment of fees

Routine inspections

Reformatory regime 

What was the ‘Great Law’?

William Penn introduced the great law as a turn away from barbaric punishments. Abolished capital punishment, later reinstated for premediatated murder, focused on reform through hard labour, moved away from religious crime and foucsed secular criminal jurisprudence. Used prison as punishment

It is the first  penial institution in America and the foundation of first generation prisons. It introduced the use of solitary confindment, separated men, woman and children abolished fees and introduced the pensylvanian code that was imitated throughout the country and internationally.

Sentences based on the completion of tasks rather than time, indroduction of work groups where prisoners were reliable on each other to achieve tasks, the marks system where prisoners can progress through stages to release this is today seen as parol trade training, education and reformative in goal

1.       Briefly describe the four rationales for corrections.

Retribution

Incarceration of high-risk offenders for preventative reasons based on what they are expected to do, not what they have already done

3 strike law in America example of contributing to overcrowding and lacking in rehabilitative focus 

Reforming was aimed at the idea that all people are equal and need to be treated with respect, ie decent food warmth 

Rehabilitation is treatment of the root cause of criminal behaviour 

Is it possible to both punish and rehabilitate at the same time? Give a specific

Is it possible to both punish and rehabilitate at the same time? Give a specific

example (apart from the one given by me) where these two goals might lead to

conflicting correctional policies.

Incapacitation is a punishment in itself while completing rehabilitation programs is neing rehabilitated.

This could lead to early release which conflicts with the goal that of incapacitation as punishment because rehabilitation is over-ruling the need for the punishment to stand, imprisonment.

Retribution and detterence 

Detterence and incapacitation 

 What is the punishment of imprisonment? Can punishment be humane?

Imprisonment is incapacitation It is possible as prison is punishment so if prisons are humane then the punishment is humane 

What is the distinction between rehabilitation and humanitarian reform? Why is it

important to distinguish between these two concepts?

Humanitarian reform is the basic human rights and treatment of all people including prisoners. It is not meant to create change in the prisoner it is there basic rights to be treated humainly.

Rehabilitation is meant to make change and works on root causes of offending 

The two need to be distinguished as if people see reform as rehab they think the solution is to take away more rights as a way to rehabilitate

Was Martinson right when he said that ‘nothing works’?

Retributive theory of punishment 

People have free will on how they want to act

Offender shold get what they deserve. 

But see that all should be treated equal and rehabilitation is a form of social control.

What is meant by determinate and indeterminate sentencing? Why do proponents

of the just deserts model tend to favour determinate sentences while proponents of

the treatment model tend to favour indeterminate sentences?

Time based vs task based punishment, Just deserts sees that everyone should recieve the same punishment for the same crime not reduced sentence for program.

Treatement modle favors the rehabilitation as primary correctional goal so punishment is completed when rehabilitation is achieved

What is meant by mandatory sentencing? Why do proponents of the just deserts

model tend to favour mandatory sentences while proponents of the treatment model

tend to favour discretionary sentences?

Mandatory sentencing is a set punihsment that must be imposed for crimes.

Just desserts sees all as equal and should recieve the same.

Discresionary allows for mental health and per case basis take a batered woman who comits murder

What is sentencing disparity and how might sentencing guidelines help address the

problem ?

is defined as "a form of unequal treatment that is often of unexplained cause and is at least incongruous, unfair and disadvantaging in consequence

Sentencing guidlines like mandatory sentencing allows for equal sentences for the same crime